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Modern technology has radically and irretrievably altered our sense of identity and hence our social, political, and legal life, argues Lawrence M. Friedman in this bold new book. In traditional societies, he explains, relationships and identities were strongly vertical: there was a clear line of authority from top to bottom, and identity was fixed by one's birth or social position. But in modern society, identity and authority have become much more horizontal: people feel freer to choose who they are and to form relationships on a plane of equality.Friedman examines how modern life centers on human identity seen in terms of race, gender, ethnicity, and religion, and how this new way of defining oneself affects politics, social structure, and the law. Our horizontal society, he says, is the product of the mass media-in particular, television-which break down the isolation of traditional life and allow individuals to connect with like-minded others across barriers of space and time. As horizontal groups blossom, loyalties and allegiances to smaller groups fragment what seemed to be the unity of the larger nation. In addition, the media's ability to spread a global mass culture causes a breakdown of cultural isolation that leads to more immigration and heavy pressure on the laws and institutions of citizenship and immigration.
Group identity. --- Ethnicity. --- Social values. --- Social history --- Group identity --- Ethnicity --- Social values --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Social Change --- Collective identity --- Community identity --- Cultural identity --- Social identity --- Identity (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Collective memory --- Values --- Ethnic identity --- Cultural fusion --- Multiculturalism --- Cultural pluralism --- Descriptive sociology --- Social conditions --- History --- Sociology
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The law of succession rests on a single brute fact: you can't take it with you. The stock of wealth that turns over as people die is staggeringly large. In the United States alone, some
Inheritance and succession --- Bequests --- Descent and distribution --- Descents --- Hereditary succession --- Intestacy --- Intestate succession --- Law of succession --- Succession, Intestate --- Real property --- Universal succession --- Trusts and trustees --- History. --- Social aspects --- Law and legislation
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Laws and regulations are ubiquitous, touching on many aspects of individual and corporate behavior. But under what conditions are laws and rules actually effective? A huge amount of recent work in political science, sociology, economics, criminology, law, and psychology, among other disciplines, deals with this question. But these fields rarely inform one another, leaving the state of research disjointed and disorganized. Lawrence M. Friedman finds order in this cacophony. Impact gathers recent findings into one overarching analysis and lays the groundwork for a cohesive body of work in what Friedman labels “impact studies.” The first important factor that has a bearing on impact is communication. A rule or law has no effect if it never reaches its intended audience. The public’s fund of legal knowledge, the clarity of the law, and the presence of information brokers all influence the flow of information from lawmakers to citizens. After a law is communicated, subjects sometimes comply, sometimes resist, and sometimes adjust or evade. Three clusters of motives help shape which reaction will prevail: first, rewards and punishments; second, peer group influences; and third, issues of conscience, legitimacy, and morality. When all of these factors move in the same direction, law can have a powerful impact; when they conflict, the outcome is sometimes unpredictable.
Effectiveness and validity of law. --- Law --- Obedience (Law) --- Compliance. --- Sociological jurisprudence. --- Law and society --- Society and law --- Sociology of law --- Jurisprudence --- Sociology --- Law and the social sciences --- Compliant behavior --- Conformity --- Cooperativeness --- Psychology --- Legal obligation --- Obligation, Legal --- Obligation to obey the law --- Juridical psychology --- Juristic psychology --- Legal psychology --- Psychology, Juridical --- Psychology, Juristic --- Psychology, Legal --- Psychology, Applied --- Therapeutic jurisprudence --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Legislation --- Validity and effectiveness of law --- International law --- Social aspects. --- Psychological aspects. --- Philosophy
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Inside the Castle is a comprehensive social history of twentieth-century family law in the United States. Joanna Grossman and Lawrence Friedman show how vast, oceanic changes in society have reshaped and reconstituted the American family. Women and children have gained rights and powers, and novel forms of family life have emerged. The family has more or less dissolved into a collection of independent individuals with their own wants, desires, and goals. Modern family law, as always, reflects the brute social and cultural facts of family life. The story of family law in the twentieth century is complex. This was the century that said goodbye to common-law marriage and breach-of-promise lawsuits. This was the century, too, of the sexual revolution and women's liberation, of gay rights and cohabitation. Marriage lost its powerful monopoly over legitimate sexual behavior. Couples who lived together without marriage now had certain rights. Gay marriage became legal in a handful of jurisdictions. By the end of the century, no state still prohibited same-sex behavior. Children in many states could legally have two mothers or two fathers. No-fault divorce became cheap and easy. And illegitimacy lost most of its social and legal stigma. These changes were not smooth or linear--all met with resistance and provoked a certain amount of backlash. Families took many forms, some of them new and different, and though buffeted by the winds of change, the family persisted as a central institution in society. Inside the Castle tells the story of that institution, exploring the ways in which law tried to penetrate and control this most mysterious realm of personal life.
Children --- Parent and child (Law) --- Marriage law --- Domestic relations --- Childhood --- Kids (Children) --- Pedology (Child study) --- Youngsters --- Age groups --- Families --- Life cycle, Human --- Guardian and ward --- Paternity --- Law, Marriage --- Marriage --- Sex and law --- Husband and wife --- Family law --- Persons (Law) --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- History --- Law and legislation --- Prohibited degrees --- United States --- Social conditions --- American family. --- American marriage. --- Supreme Court. --- adopted children. --- adoption law. --- adoption. --- alienation. --- annulment. --- biological parenthood. --- causes of action. --- child support. --- children's rights. --- children. --- civil protection. --- cohabitation. --- common-law marriage. --- criminal conversation. --- cross-racial adoption. --- custody disputes. --- custody. --- dead hand. --- decline. --- divorce negotiation. --- divorce on demand. --- divorce. --- doctrine. --- domestic violence. --- economic consequences. --- economic rights. --- elder abuse. --- elder law. --- eugenics. --- expressive individualism. --- family breakdown. --- family law. --- family life. --- fault-based divorce. --- gay families. --- gay marriage. --- gay rights. --- identity formation. --- illegitimacy. --- individualism. --- informal marriage. --- inheritance. --- interstate marriage. --- legal changes. --- legal parentage. --- legal revolution. --- legal separations. --- legitimacy. --- lesbian families. --- marital freedom. --- marital rape. --- marriage regulation. --- marriage restrictions. --- marriage. --- married couples. --- minor children. --- money. --- no-fault divorce. --- parentage. --- parental authority. --- parenthood. --- privacy. --- promise of marriage. --- property division. --- racism. --- reproductive technology. --- right of privacy. --- same-sex marriage. --- same-sex relationships. --- seduction. --- separations. --- sexual behavior. --- sexual freedom. --- sexual intercourse. --- sexual mores. --- sexual revolution. --- social factors. --- social institutions. --- social meaning. --- social revolution. --- spousal support. --- state marriage regulation. --- succession. --- support awards. --- traditional family. --- traditional marriage. --- traditional morality. --- traditional parenthood. --- troubled families. --- trusts. --- twentieth century. --- twenty-first century. --- wills. --- women's liberation.
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Randomized clinical trials are the gold standard for establishing many clinical practice guidelines and are central to evidence based medicine. Obtaining the best evidence through clinical trials must be done within the boundaries of rigorous science and ethical principles. One fundamental principle is that trials should not continue longer than necessary to reach their objectives. Therefore, trials must be monitored for recruitment progress, quality of data, adherence to patient care or prevention standards, and early evidence of benefit or harm. Frequently, a group of external experts, independent from the investigators and trial sponsor, is charged with this monitoring responsibility, especially for safety and early benefit. This group is referred to by various names, such as a data monitoring committee or a data and safety monitoring board. This book, through a series of case studies presented by many distinguished clinical trial experts, illustrates the complexity of this monitoring process. The editors provide an overview of the process and a summary of a multitude of the lessons learned from the cases presented. This book should be useful to anyone serving on a data and safety monitoring board, or planning to do so, for colleagues in academia, industry and governmental agencies, and for teaching students in biostatistics, epidemiology, clinical trials and medical ethics. No other text has as extensive a collection of cases which provide insight into the many issues, often conflicting, that must be examined before recommendations to continue or discontinue a trial can be made. While depth in statistical methods is not required, some familiarity with statistical design and analysis issues in clinical trials is helpful. The cases cover trials which were terminated early for convincing evidence of benefit, or for harmful effects. Cases with complex issues are also included. This series of cases should provide broad background information for potential monitoring committee members and better prepare them for the challenges that may exist in the trials for which they are responsible. The three editors have contributed two overview chapters as well as several case studies to go along with cases contributed by a distinguished group of colleagues experienced in the design, monitoring and analysis of clinical trials. Dr. David DeMets is currently Professor and Chair, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is past president of the Eastern North American Region (ENAR) of the International Biometric Society, a past member of the Board of Directors of the American Statistical Association and an elected Fellow. He recently received the Robert Gordon Lectureship Award, given by the National Institutes of Health, for significant contributions to the field of clinical trials. Dr. Curt Furberg, is currently Professor (and former Chair) of the Department of Public Health Sciences at Wake Forest University. Previously, he was Head of the Clinical Trials Branch and Associate Director of the Clinical Applications and Prevention Program at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Dr. Lawrence Friedman is a former Director of the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications and a former Assistant Director for Ethics and Clinical Research at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. All three are past presidents of the Society of Clinical Trials. The editors have collaborated previously as coauthors of a text: the Fundamentals of Clinical Trials.
Biomathematics. Biometry. Biostatistics --- medische statistiek --- biostatistiek --- Clinical Trials --- Automatic Data Processing. --- Clinical trials --- Etudes cliniques --- Case Reports. --- Data processing. --- Case studies. --- Informatique --- Cas, Etudes de --- Clinical trials - Data processing. --- Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic --- Research --- Professional Staff Committees --- Clinical Trials as Topic --- Quality Assurance, Health Care --- Science --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Health Care --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Investigative Techniques --- Quality of Health Care --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Public Health --- Environment and Public Health --- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic --- Biomedical Research --- Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees --- Mathematics --- Medicine --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Mathematical Statistics --- Medical Research --- Data processing --- Statistics. --- Statistics for Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences. --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Econometrics --- Statistics .
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This is the fourth edition of a very successful textbook on clinical trials methodology, written by three recognized experts who have long and extensive experience in all areas of clinical trials. Most chapters have been revised considerably from the third edition. A chapter on ethics has been added and topics such as noninferiority and adaptive designs now receive considerable discussion. There is much new material on adverse events, adherence, data monitoring, and issues in analysis. This book is intended for the clinical researcher who is interested in designing a clinical trial and developing a protocol. It is also of value to researchers and practitioners who must critically evaluate the literature of published clinical trials and assess the merits of each trial and the implications for the care and treatment of patients. The authors use numerous examples of published clinical trials from a variety of medical disciplines to illustrate the fundamentals. The text is organized sequentially from defining the question to trial closeout. One chapter is devoted to each of the critical areas to aid the clinical trial researcher. These areas include pre-specifying the scientific questions to be tested and appropriate outcome measures, determining the organizational structure, estimating an adequate sample size, specifying the randomization procedure, implementing the intervention and visit schedules for participant evaluation, establishing an interim data and safety monitoring plan, detailing the final analysis plan, and reporting the trial results according to the pre-specified objectives. Although a basic introductory statistics course is helpful in maximizing the benefit of this book, a researcher or practitioner with limited statistical background would still find most if not all the chapters understandable and helpful. While the technical material has been kept to a minimum, the statistician may still find the principles and fundamentals presented in this text useful. This book has been successfully used for teaching courses in clinical trial methodology.
Clinical trials as topic. --- Clinical trials. --- Research design. --- Clinical trials --- Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic --- Methods --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Research --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Science --- Investigative Techniques --- Research Design --- Clinical Trials as Topic --- Public Health --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Quality of Health Care --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Care --- Medicine --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Mathematical Statistics --- Medical Research --- Controlled clinical trials --- Patient trials of new treatments --- Randomized clinical trials --- Trials, Clinical --- Statistics. --- Cancer research. --- Public health. --- Oncology. --- Epidemiology. --- Statistics for Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences. --- Public Health. --- Cancer Research. --- Clinical medicine --- Human experimentation in medicine --- Oncology . --- Tumors --- Diseases --- Public health --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Econometrics --- Statistics . --- Cancer research --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Clinical Trials
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This is the fifth edition of a very successful textbook on clinical trials methodology, written by recognized leaders who have long and extensive experience in all areas of clinical trials. The three authors of the first four editions have been joined by two others who add great expertise. Most chapters have been revised considerably from the fourth edition. A chapter on regulatory issues has been included and the chapter on data monitoring has been split into two and expanded. Many contemporary clinical trial examples have been added. There is much new material on adverse events, adherence, issues in analysis, electronic data, data sharing, and international trials. This book is intended for the clinical researcher who is interested in designing a clinical trial and developing a protocol. It is also of value to researchers and practitioners who must critically evaluate the literature of published clinical trials and assess the merits of each trial and the implications for the care and treatment of patients. The authors use numerous examples of published clinical trials to illustrate the fundamentals. The text is organized sequentially from defining the question to trial closeout. One chapter is devoted to each of the critical areas to aid the clinical trial researcher. These areas include pre-specifying the scientific questions to be tested and appropriate outcome measures, determining the organizational structure, estimating an adequate sample size, specifying the randomization procedure, implementing the intervention and visit schedules for participant evaluation, establishing an interim data and safety monitoring plan, detailing the final analysis plan, and reporting the trial results according to the pre-specified objectives. Although a basic introductory statistics course is helpful in maximizing the benefit of this book, a researcher or practitioner with limited statistical background would still find most if not all the chapters understandable and helpful. While the technical material has been kept to a minimum, the statistician may still find the principles and fundamentals presented in this text useful. This book has been successfully used for teaching courses in clinical trial methodology. .
Statistics. --- Cancer research. --- Public health. --- Oncology. --- Epidemiology. --- Statistics for Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences. --- Public Health. --- Cancer Research. --- Oncology . --- Tumors --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Diseases --- Public health --- Clinical trials. --- Clinical Trials as Topic. --- Statistics . --- Cancer research --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Assaigs clínics --- Assaigs terapèutics --- Estudis clínics --- Estudis terapèutics --- Experimentació humana en medicina
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The European Human Rights Culture – A Paradox of Human Rights Protection in Europe? analyses the political term “European Human Rights Culture”, a term first introduced by EU Commission President Barroso. Located in the fields of comparative law and European law, this book analyses, through first-hand interviews with the European judiciary, the judicial perspective on the European human rights culture and sets this in context to the political dimension of the term. In addition, it looks at the structures and procedures of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and explains the embedding of the Courts’ legal cultures. It offers an in-depth analysis of the margin of appreciation doctrine at both the CJEU and ECtHR, and shows its value for addressing human rights grievances. This book is novel in that it combines interviews and case-law analysis to show how a mix of differences on the bench are legally amalgamated to resolve probing legal questions and human rights issues. It shows, through a combined analysis of case-law and recent political developments for European human rights, the tensions between judicial and political approaches and the paradox of human rights protection in Europe. It also offers in-depth knowledge of the European human rights discourse. In addition to a rich study of legal materials, the book looks inside the box by adding the judiciary’s perspective. Human rights are widely acknowledged in European societies and cases claiming human rights violations are increasing at both the CJEU and ECtHR. In these times of increased human rights awareness, this book uncovers a paradox in European human rights protection which is created by the push-and-pull between judicial and political interests.
Human rights --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Political aspects --- Law and legislation
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