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Alteration in adequate energy balance maintenance results in serious disturbances such as obesity and its related metabolic disorders. In Mammals, energy balance is homeostatically controlled through hormonal and neuroendocrine systems which cooperation is based on cross-talk between central and peripheral signals. The hypothalamus as well as peripheral hormones among which adipokines from adipose tissue and thyroid hormones play a crucial role in energy homeostasis. Unraveling the physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms through which hormonal and neuroendocrine systems regulate energy balance has been a long-standing challenge in biology and is now more necessary when considering the world-wide increasing prevalence of obesity. Indeed, recognizing and understanding the biochemical and nutrient signaling pathways contributing to the nervous and endocrine integration of physiological mechanisms involved in the normal and/or abnormal regulation of energy balance is fundamental also to the development of new, effective, and targeted treatments for obesity. Recent studies have highlighted the role of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing neurons in the regulation of energy homeostasis by controlling energy expenditure and food intake. This is accomplished through a precise balance of production and degradation of a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, an anorexigenic neuropeptide which is degraded to an inactive form unable to inhibit food intake by the key enzyme prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP), thus suggesting that pharmacologic approaches targeting PRCP may provide a novel and effective option for the management of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders. Indeed, efforts have been made to generate potent, brain-penetrant PRCP inhibitors. Weight loss due to negative energy balance is a goal for obese subjects not always reachable by dietary caloric restriction or increased physical activity. Lipid-lowering therapies have been suggested to have potential benefits, however, the establishment of comprehensive therapeutic strategies is still awaited. Recently, it has been reported that thyroid hormone (TH)- derivatives such as 3,5-diiodothyronine and 3-iodothyronamine possess interesting biological activities, opening new perspectives in thyroid physiology and TH derivatives therapeutic usage. Moreover, several studies, focusing on the interaction between thyroid hormone (TH), the autonomic nervous system and the liver, revealed an important role for the hypothalamus in the differential effects of TH on autonomic outflow to peripheral organs controlling energy balance. This Research Topic aims to give a comprehensive and integrate view of the factors involved in the endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling in energy balance regulation to highlight their involvement into physiological processes and regulatory systems as well as their perturbation during pathological processes.

Uncoupling --- Mitochondria --- catch up fat --- brown adipose tissue --- Thyroid Hormones --- Lipid Metabolism --- energy balance --- Apelin --- melanocortin --- Adipogenesis

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Mitochondria are subcellular organelles evolved by the endosymbiosis of bacteria with eukaryotic cells. They are the main source of ATP in the cell and engaged in other aspects of cell metabolism and cell function, including the regulation of ion homeostasis, cell growth, redox status, and cell signaling. Due to their central role in cell life and death, mitochondria are also involved in the pathogenesis and progression of human diseases/conditions, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and aging. However, despite the increasing number of studies, precise mechanisms whereby mitochondria are involved in the regulation of basic physiological functions, as well as their role in the cell under pathophysiological conditions, remain unknown. A lack of in-depth knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial metabolism and function, as well as interplay between the factors that transform the organelle from its role in pro-survival to pro-death, have hindered the development of new mitochondria-targeted pharmacological and conditional approaches for the treatment of human diseases. This book highlights the latest achievements in elucidating the role of mitochondria under physiological conditions, in various cell/animal models of human diseases, and in patients.

hypoglycemia --- sodium dichloroacetate --- pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase --- pyruvate dehydrogenase --- oxidative stress --- neuron death --- cholangiocellular carcinoma --- mitochondria --- energy metabolism --- oxidative phosphorylation --- 4-HNE --- DRP1 --- ERK1/2 --- hippocampus --- JNK --- mitochondrial dynamics --- PKA --- protein phosphatases --- TUNEL --- DDE --- high-fat diet --- mitochondrial UCP2 --- ROS --- antioxidant system --- uncoupling protein --- mitochondria: energy metabolism --- lipid handling --- fatty acid oxidation --- potassium channel --- reactive oxygen species --- antioxidants --- life span --- aging --- BKCa channels --- pravastatin --- gemfibrozil --- liver --- colon --- mitochondrial function --- cyclosporin A --- mitochondria calcium buffering --- mitochondria bioenergetics --- mitochondria permeability transition pore --- inorganic phosphate --- hepatic fibrogenesis --- HtrA2/Omi --- reactive oxygen species stress --- mitochondrial homeostasis --- complex I (CI) deficiency --- metabolome and proteome profiling --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- respirasome assembly --- electron tunneling (ET) --- perilipin 5 --- lipid droplet --- H9c2 cardiomyoblasts --- adenine nucleotide translocase --- respiratory supercomplexes --- ETC complexes --- dentate granule cell --- epilepsy --- hyperforin --- LONP1 --- neuroprotection --- pilocarpine --- seizure --- siRNA --- cardioprotection --- mitochondrial permeability transition pores --- mitochondrial connexin 43 --- cardiolipin --- iron overload --- hepcidin --- transferrin --- ferritin --- ZIP --- inflammation --- mtDNA --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- muscle aging --- physical performance --- LHON --- Siberian population --- ancient mutation --- specific genetic background --- apoptosis --- human amniotic membrane --- mitochondrial cell death --- BAX --- BCL-2 --- tensile strength --- mitochondrial gene expression --- mtDNA transcription --- mtRNA --- post-transcriptional mtRNA processing --- dsRNA --- innate immunity --- interferon response --- amino acid neurotransmitter --- cerebellar amino acid metabolism --- hypoxia --- 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase --- tricarboxylic acid cycle --- heart --- cytoskeletal proteins --- mitochondrial interactions --- plectin --- tubulin beta --- signaling --- GW9662 --- ischemia reperfusion injury --- Langendorff --- myocardial --- pioglitazone --- redox state --- rosiglitazone --- TZD --- uncoupling --- ADP/ATP carrier --- KmADP --- dextran --- morphology --- cardiomyocytes --- telomere length --- telomerase activity --- development --- regeneration --- intranuclear mitochondria --- healthy cells --- electron and confocal microscopy --- signaling pathways --- ion homeostasis --- human diseases

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Lipids represent the major players in marine organisms as the major constituents of biological membranes, with key roles in biological processes and acclimation to environmental changes. New research trends aim to contribute to improving knowledge on the role lipids in the biological matrix, understanding the impact of climate change in marine organisms, and developing new tools for chemophenotyping, traceability, and biomarkers of trophic chains in marine ecosystems, such that the nutritional value or prospective bioactive compounds can be disclosed for health applications. “Lipids in the Ocean 2021” (http://lipids2021.web.ua.pt) was originally planned to be held at the University of Aveiro and ran from 5 to 7 July 2021 (and was ultimately an online conference due to uncertainties regarding the COVID-19 situation). The aim was to go in deep into research interests covering topics related to lipids from marine organisms, such as marine lipidomics, lipids as biomarkers in trophic webs, green lipids from the ocean (seaweeds, microalgae, and macrophytes), marine lipid biotechnology, and seafood traceability using lipids—from basic research to sustainable production and applications in the food, nutraceutics, feed, cosmetics, and pharma industries. This Special Issue welcomed not only attendees of “Lipids in the Ocean 2021” to publish their latest research outcomes but also all researchers in relevant fields to share their exciting works with the community.

fatty acids --- fungal endophytes --- laminariales --- Paradendryphiella salina --- brown adipose tissue --- browning --- energy expenditure --- n-3 fatty acid --- uncoupling protein --- white adipose tissue --- krill oil --- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids --- bioavailability --- nutraceuticals --- dietary supplements --- dietary resource --- Mytilus galloprovincialis --- Crassostrea gigas --- diatom --- competition --- biofouling --- EPA --- DHA --- aquafeeds --- n-3/n-6 ratio --- n-3 PUFA --- IMTA --- powdered fish oil --- docosahexaenoic acid --- chitosan nanoparticles --- encapsulation efficiency --- loading capacity --- TGA --- FTIR --- oxidative stability --- algae --- bioactivity --- glycolipids --- lipidomics --- macroalgae --- phospholipids --- seaweeds --- long-chain PUFA synthesis --- desaturases --- elongases --- PKS pathway --- 20:5n-3 (EPA) --- 22:6n-3 (DHA) --- Tisochrysis lutea --- 13C artificial enrichment --- Crypthecodinium cohnii --- omega-3 fatty acid --- biomass recycling --- dinoflagellate extract --- FTIR spectroscopy --- Krebs cycle --- central metabolism --- kinetic model --- constraint-based model