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Since its first observation in 1850, ion-exchange (IEx) has become a fundamental process in many applications involving water treatment, catalysis, chromatography, and the food and pharmaceutical industries. Starting from the early 1900s, another relevant application of IEx has been in the glass industry, with the surface tempering of glass produced by a K+–Na+ ion exchange. Nowadays, photonics has greatly exploited IEx technology: graded-index microlenses, graded-index fibers and integrated optical waveguides and devices are examples of achievements made possible by the IEx process. Moreover, ion-exchange is possible in ferroelectric crystals, too, and has been fundamental for the development of many linear and nonlinear integrated optical devices in lithium niobate and tantalate.This volume collects articles published in the corresponding Special Issue of the Applied Sciences journal. Four review articles, written by internationally renowned experts in this field, provide complementary overviews of the history, fundamental aspects, designs and fabrications of devices, and technological achievements. Three articles describe original research in the fields of diffraction grating, photo-thermo-refractive glasses, and Yb-doped lithium niobate. This volume constitutes a valuable and updated reference for all students and researchers wishing to improve their knowledge and/or make use of ion-exchange technology and its applications.

thermal diffusion --- active waveguide devices --- laser active materials --- ion-exchange --- phase gratings --- diffractive optics --- ion exchange --- silver --- photo-thermo-refractive glass --- silver nanoparticles --- silver molecular clusters --- silver bromide nanocrystals --- integrated photonics --- glass photonics --- optical sensors --- waveguides --- lasers --- optical glasses --- glass strengthening --- noble metal nanoparticles --- rare earths --- luminescence enhancement --- SERS --- flexible photonics --- whispering gallery mode microresonators --- photovoltaic cell --- ion exchange in glass --- ion diffusion --- glass waveguides --- glass poling --- metal nanoparticles --- ion-exchanged glass --- active optical waveguides --- quantum integrated optics

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This collection of articles focuses on different aspects of the study of organic conductors. Recent progress in both theoretical and experimental studies is covered in this Special Issue. Papers on a wide variety of studies are categorized into representative topics of chemistry and physics. Besides classical studies on the crystalline organic conductors, applied studies on semiconducting thin films and a number of new topics shared with inorganic materials are also discussed.

organic π-radical --- molecular conductor --- phthalocyanine --- three-dimensional network --- three-dimensional electronic system --- organic conductors --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) --- bis(ethylenediseleno)tetrathiafulvalene (BEST) --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene (BETS) --- electrical resistivity --- magnetic susceptibility --- X-ray analysis --- charge-ordered state --- quantum chemical calculations --- Madelung energy --- magnetic property --- reversible transformation --- spin ladder --- nodal line semimetal --- single-component molecular conductor --- conductivity --- DOS --- tight-binding model --- interacting electrons in one dimension --- electronic and lattice instabilities --- renormalization group method --- X-ray diffraction --- single crystal --- electron density --- molecular orbital --- single-component molecular conductors --- extended-TTF dithiolate ligands --- gold dithiolate complexes --- (BETS)2Fe1−xGaxCl4 --- π-d interaction --- NMR --- charge glass --- heat capacity --- electric current --- electric voltage --- Boson peak --- chirality --- tetrathiafulvalene --- crystal structures --- band structure calculations --- hydrogen bonding --- charge-transfer salts --- (TMTTF)2X --- deuteration --- anions --- charge transport --- tunnel junction --- MOCVD --- quantum well --- co-doping --- solar cells --- (TMTSF)8(I3)5 --- (TMTSF)5(I3)2 --- (TMTSF)4(I3)4·THF --- organic conductor --- crystal structure --- high pressure --- DFT --- MP2 --- organic superconductors --- Beechgard salts --- Maxwell-Garnett approximation --- high-Tc --- pressure effect --- Dirac electron system --- resistivity --- magnetoresistance --- synchrotron X-ray diffraction --- band calculation --- correlated electron materials --- layered organic conductor --- unconventional superconductivity --- vortex dynamics --- d-wave pairing symmetry --- superconducting gap structure --- magnetic field --- flux-flow resistivity --- charge-ordered insulator --- electric double layer transistor --- organic field-effect transistor --- π–d system --- Mott insulator --- strongly correlated electron system --- multiferroic --- dielectric --- photoconductor --- organic semiconductors --- molecular orbitals --- pyroelectricity --- temperature modulation --- molecular ferroelectrics --- radiative temperature control --- thermal diffusion model --- lithium niobate --- first-principles calculation --- density-functional theory --- charge ordering --- hybrid functional --- electronic structure --- nickel–dithiolene complex --- cycloalkane substituent --- crystalline organic charge-transfer complexes --- disordered systems --- overlap integrals --- extended Hückel approximation --- Dirac electrons --- zero-gap semiconductors --- merging of Dirac cones --- n/a --- π-d system --- nickel-dithiolene complex --- extended Hückel approximation