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Joint replacement is a very successful medical treatment. However, the survivorship of the implants could be adversely affected due to the loss of materials in the form of particles or ions as the bearing surfaces articulate against earch other. The consequent tissue and immune response to the wear products, remain one of the key factors of their failure. Tribology has been defined as the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and all related wear products (e.g., particles, ions, etc.). Over the last few decades, in an attempt to understand and improve joint replacement technology, the tribological performance of several material combinations have been studied experimentally and assessed clinically. In addition, research has focused on the biological effects and long term consequences of wear products. Improvements have been made in manufacturing processes, precision engineering capabilities, device designs and materials properties in order to minimize wear and friction and maximize component longevity in vivo.

alginate --- biotribology --- multiwall carbon nanotubes --- arthroplasty --- validated model --- implant --- lubrication --- fillers --- ion treatment --- biomechanical testing/analysis --- titanium niobium nitride --- orthopedic --- UHMWPE --- wear testing --- wear resistance --- wear debris --- biomaterials --- biolubricant --- wear simulation --- surface engineering --- degenerative disc disease --- total disc replacement --- joint simulators --- crosslinked polyethylene --- TKA --- unicompartmental arthroplasty --- implants --- mechanical properties --- pin-on-plate --- ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene --- hip implants --- failure --- highly crosslinked UHMWPE --- gamma irradiation --- hip joint simulator --- oxidized zirconium --- osteolysis --- histomorphological characterization --- cross-linked polyethylene --- wear --- hip prosthesis --- cobalt --- abrasion --- metal-on-metal --- synovial lining --- wear debris cytotoxicity --- alternative bearings --- surfaces --- polyethylene wear --- knee replacement --- patello-femoral joint --- crosslink density --- FEA --- coating --- ultra high molecular weight polyethylene --- contact angle --- finite element analysis --- systematic review --- wear analysis/testing --- knee --- in vitro macrophages response --- synovial fluid --- gellan gum