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Annotation Positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and the combined imaging modalities realised in the en-vogue hybrid technologies PET/CT and PET/MR represent the state-of-the-art diagnostic imaging technologies in nuclear medicine which are used for the highly sensitive non-invasive imaging of biological processes at the subcellular and molecular level in a respective patient for the visualisation of rather early disease states or for early inspection of treatment response after chemotherapy, radiation- or radioendotherapy. Radiolabelled molecules, bearing a "radioactive lantern," function as so called Radiopharmaceuticals which have to be compliant with the pharmaceuticals act, and can be termed as "food" of nuclear medicine. In general, the specialised field Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry focusses on the development, synthesis and radiolabelling of aforementioned "food," such as small molecules, biotechnology-derived antibodies or (cyclised) (oligo)peptides which are used to address clinically relevant biological "downstream" targets such as receptors, enzymes, transport systems and others. Addressing "upstream" targets such as DNA- and RNA-fragments using corresponding radioactive substrates represents a further feasible strategy. Originally, Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry descends from radiochemistry and radiopharmacy as well as nuclear chemistry and uses methods finally aiming at the production of radioactive substances for human application which are essential for non-invasive in vivo imaging by means of the aforementioned scintigraphic methods PET or SPECT. The cornerstone for applicable radiochemistry in nuclear medicine was set by the Hungarian chemist George Charles de Hevesy who received the Nobel Prize in 1943 for his work on the radioindicator principle. This principle is based on the idea that the absolute amount of the administered substance is below the dose needed to induce a pharmacodynamic effect. Nowadays, a radioactive substance that can be traced in vivo as it moves through the living organism is termed radiotracer or radiopharmaceutical. As mentioned above, the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals is measured non-invasively reflecting functional or molecular disorders without pharmacologically affecting the organism. In the era of personalised medicine the diagnostic potential of radiopharmaceuticals is directly linked to a subsequent individual therapeutic approach called radioendotherapy. Depending on the "radioactive lantern" (gamma or particle emitter) used for radiolabelling of the respective tracer molecule, the field Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry can contribute to the set-up of an in vivo "theranostic" approach especially in tumour patients by offering tailor-made (radio)chemical entities labelled either with a diagnostic or a therapeutic radionuclide. To succeed in the design of targeted high-affinity radiopharmaceuticals that can measure the alteration of receptors serving at the same time as biological targets for individualised radioendotherapy several aspects need to be considered: (i) reasonable pharmacological behaviour (especially pharmacokinetics adjusted to the physical half-life of the used radionuclide), (ii) ability to penetrate and cross biological membranes, (iii) usage of chemical as well as biological amplification strategies (e.g. pretargeting, biological trapping of converted ligands, change of the physicochemical behaviour of the radiopharmaceutical after target interaction, combination with biotransporters and heterodimer approaches), (iv) availability of radiopharmaceuticals with high specific activities and in vivo stability.

Radiopharmaceuticals.

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Les progrès sur le contrôle de qualité des médicaments radiopharmaceutiques ont nécessité une nouvelle édition, quatorze ans après la première publication de l'ACOMEN (Action Concertée en Médecine Nucléaire). Les raisons en sont multiples : la législation sur la pratique de la radiopharmacie a été mise en place dans les établissements de santé, de nouveaux acteurs sont apparus (radiopharmaciens, préparateurs en pharmacie hospitalière), de nouveaux produits ont vu le jour et certaines réglementations ont changé. Le but de l'ouvrage et l'esprit dans lequel il a été revu, modifié et corrigé restent cependant identiques : apporter une aide pratique au moyen de techniques éprouvées et testées et constituer un support utile pour les personnes en charge de ces activités, notamment les nouveaux venus en radiopharmacie. L'ouvrage présente des chapitres suivants : • Appareillage et technique : mesure de la radioactivité, techniques chromatographiques et biologiques ; • Contrôle de qualité des médicaments radiopharmaceutiques : générateurs et éluats, solutions radioactives, préparations à partir de trousses, cellules sanguines marquées, anticorps monoclonaux marqués ; • Gestion des radiopharmaceutiques : conduite en cas de qualité non-conforme, gestions des déchets contaminés, guide des pratiques en cas de d'incidents de contamination et décontamination, pharmacovigilance et materiovigilance. Le Dr. Yves Barbier, accompagné de Marie-Laure Biechlin-Chassel, Gérard Galy et Solange Lao, ont coordonné cet ouvrage, sous l'égide de l'ACOMEN, Association concertée en Médecine Nucléaire du Sud de la France.

Radiopharmaceuticals. --- Radiopharmaceutical agents --- Medical radiology --- Pharmacology --- Radiopharmaceuticals --- Analysis.

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This book is a comprehensive guide to radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The stunning clinical successes of nuclear imaging and targeted radiotherapy have resulted in rapid growth in the field of radiopharmaceutical chemistry, an essential component of nuclear medicine and radiology. However, at this point, interest in the field outpaces the academic and educational infrastructure needed to train radiopharmaceutical chemists. For example, the vast majority of texts that address radiopharmaceutical chemistry do so only peripherally, focusing instead on nuclear chemistry (i.e. nuclear reactions in reactors), heavy element radiochemistry (i.e. the decomposition of radioactive waste), or solely on the clinical applications of radiopharmaceuticals (e.g. the use of PET tracers in oncology). This text fills that gap by focusing on the chemistry of radiopharmaceuticals, with key coverage of how that knowledge translates to the development of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals for the clinic. The text is divided into three overarching sections: First Principles, Radiochemistry, and Special Topics. The first is a general overview covering fundamental and broad issues like “The Production of Radionuclides” and “Basics of Radiochemistry”. The second section is the main focus of the book. In this section, each chapter’s author will delve much deeper into the subject matter, covering both well established and state-of-the-art techniques in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. This section will be divided according to radionuclide and will include chapters on radiolabeling methods using all of the common nuclides employed in radiopharmaceuticals, including four chapters on the ubiquitously used fluorine-18 and a “Best of the Rest” chapter to cover emerging radionuclides. Finally, the third section of the book is dedicated to special topics with important information for radiochemists, including “Bioconjugation Methods,” “Click Chemistry in Radiochemistry”, and “Radiochemical Instrumentation.” This is an ideal educational guide for nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists, and radiopharmaceutical chemists, as well as residents and trainees in all of these areas.

Radiopharmaceuticals. --- Radiopharmaceutical agents --- Medical radiology --- Pharmacology --- Nuclear medicine. --- Nuclear Medicine. --- Atomic medicine --- Radioisotopes in medicine --- Radioactive tracers --- Radioactivity --- Physiological effect --- Pharmaceutical chemistry. --- Radiopharmaceuticals --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical

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La medicina nucleare, disciplina basata su tecnologie avanzate e caratterizzata da una continua attività di ricerca, in cui convergono e operano figure con professionalità diverse, non può prescindere per le attività specifiche dal perseguimento di un sistema di assicurazione della qualità e dal suo mantenimento per corrispondere alle aspettative di appropriatezza, efficacia e sostenibilità, garantendo altresì agli operatori e ai pazienti condizioni di sicurezza sotto ogni profilo. La qualità e la sicurezza delle prestazioni sanitarie sono disciplinate da requisiti normativi sempre più stringenti; nel contempo i criteri di efficacia e sostenibilità sono oggetto di linee guida cliniche in continuo aggiornamento. Va quindi progressivamente riducendosi la discrezionalità degli operatori, la cui perizia e il cui senso etico e di responsabilità – imprescindibili in ambito sanitario – sono oggi considerati insufficienti per garantire la sicurezza e la qualità del servizio prestato, se non supportati dalla piena aderenza a  ben definite procedure dettate dai requisiti normativi di riferimento. La finalità delle normative in ambito sanitario è quindi duplice: in primo luogo prescrivere e far rispettare procedure che garantiscano la sicurezza e la qualità delle prestazioni; in secondo luogo, costituire la base di partenza per un progressivo miglioramento dei processi di diagnosi e cura.  Questo volume  compendia gli aspetti tecnici e regolatori relativi alla produzione dei radiofarmaci, alla gestione delle tecnologie e al controllo dei processi ai fini del mantenimento di elevati standard di qualità e sicurezza; tali requisiti sono indispensabili per l'appropriato utilizzo dei radiofarmaci sia nella pratica clinica sia nella sperimentazione. L'opera rappresenta un valido  strumento nell’ambito di un programma di formazione e sostegno disciplinare e costituisce un indispensabile e aggiornato supporto non solo per coloro che già operano nella medicina nucleare, ma anche per il personale in formazione che vi opererà.  .

Radioisotopes -- Therapeutic use. --- Radioisotopes. --- Radiology, Medical. --- Radiopharmaceuticals. --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Radiology, MRI, Ultrasonography & Medical Physics --- Radiopharmaceuticals --- Nuclear medicine. --- Atomic medicine --- Radioisotopes in medicine --- Radiopharmaceutical agents --- Medicine. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Nuclear Medicine. --- Medical radiology --- Radioactive tracers --- Radioactivity --- Physiological effect --- Pharmacology

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Molecular Imaging. --- Nuclear Medicine. --- Radiopharmaceuticals. --- Medicine, Atomic --- Medicine, Nuclear --- Radiology, Nuclear --- Atomic Medicine --- Nuclear Radiology --- Imaging, Molecular --- Nuclear Pharmacy --- Radiobiology --- Radiopharmaceutical