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This book gives an overview of the empirical research regarding police discretionary decision-making worldwide through 2022 by means of a scoping review. In total, eleven databases were searched and 15,193 publications have been assessed in terms of relevance for this topic, with 1,563 of these being assessed more thoroughly. The shortlist consists of 526 publications. It answers the following questions: What is the amount of available research concerning police decision-making and what are its characteristics? How and where is police decision-making studied? Which crime phenomena are studied? Which types of decisions are studied? Which factors impact police discretion? Overall, the scoping review summarizes the available empirical research on police discretion and helps understand police decision-making processes. These findings are then used to discuss the current scholarship and give recommendations concerning research (e.g. which decision-making processes/decisions are currently lacking in research, which factors need to be explored further, which research methods can be utilized more frequently) and police practice (i.e. how to support police officers in their decision-making and optimize these decision-making processes).

Science --- Criminology. Victimology --- onderzoeksmethoden --- criminologie --- criminaliteit --- Police --- Police discretion. --- Decision making.

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This comparative text serves both as an introduction to contemporary police studies and an intervention into current debates concerning police reform and practice.

Police power. --- Police discretion. --- Discretion, Police --- Administrative discretion --- Administrative law --- Constitutional law --- Municipal corporations --- Political science --- Right of property

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Winner, 2019 Outstanding Book Award, given by the American Society of Criminology’s Division of Policing Section The first in-depth history and analysis of a much-abused policing policy No policing tactic has been more controversial than “stop and frisk,” whereby police officers stop, question and frisk ordinary citizens, who they may view as potential suspects, on the streets. As Michael White and Hank Fradella show in Stop and Frisk, the first authoritative history and analysis of this tactic, there is a disconnect between our everyday understanding and the historical and legal foundations for this policing strategy. First ruled constitutional in 1968, stop and frisk would go on to become a central tactic of modern day policing, particularly by the New York City Police Department. By 2011 the NYPD recorded 685,000 ‘stop-question-and-frisk’ interactions with citizens; yet, in 2013, a landmark decision ruled that the police had over- and mis-used this tactic. Stop and Frisk tells the story of how and why this happened, and offers ways that police departments can better serve their citizens. They also offer a convincing argument that stop and frisk did not contribute as greatly to the drop in New York’s crime rates as many proponents, like former NYPD Police Commissioner Ray Kelly and Mayor Michael Bloomberg, have argued. While much of the book focuses on the NYPD’s use of stop and frisk, examples are also shown from police departments around the country, including Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, Newark and Detroit. White and Fradella argue that not only does stop and frisk have a legal place in 21st-century policing but also that it can be judiciously used to help deter crime in a way that respects the rights and needs of citizens. They also offer insight into the history of racial injustice that has all too often been a feature of American policing’s history and propose concrete strategies that every police department can follow to improve the way they police. A hard-hitting yet nuanced analysis, Stop and Frisk shows how the tactic can be a just act of policing and, in turn, shows how to police in the best interest of citizens.

Racial profiling in law enforcement --- Police discretion --- Stop and frisk (Law enforcement) --- Law and legislation --- New York (State) --- United States.

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Whenever police officers come into contact with citizens there is a chance that the encounter will digress to one in which force is used on a suspect. Fortunately, most police activities do not involve the use of force. But those that do reflect important patterns of interaction between the officer and the citizen. This book examines those patterns. It begins with a brief survey of prior research, and then goes on to present data and findings. Among the data are the force factor applied - that is, the level of force used relative to suspect resistance - and data on the sequential order of incidents of force. The authors also examine police use of force from the suspect's perspective. In analyzing this data they put forward a conceptual framework, the Authority Maintenance Theory, for examining and assessing police use of force.

Arrest (Police methods) --- Restraint of prisoners --- Police brutality --- Police discretion --- Arrestation (Mesures policières) --- Prisonniers --- Brutalités policières --- Pouvoir discrétionnaire de la police --- Immobilisation --- Arrestation (Mesures policières) --- Brutalités policières --- Pouvoir discrétionnaire de la police --- Social Sciences --- Sociology --- Physical restraint of prisoners --- Prisoner restraint --- Prison discipline --- Arresting --- Police

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An inside look at police discretionary actions and their consequences for poor communities

Police --- Minorities. --- Poor. --- Police-community relations. --- Police discretion. --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Disadvantaged, Economically --- Economically disadvantaged --- Impoverished people --- Low-income people --- Pauperism --- Poor --- Poor, The --- Poor people --- Social classes --- Poverty --- Public relations --- Discretion, Police --- Administrative discretion --- Economic conditions