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Additive manufacturing is already actively used in various high-tech industries today. At the same time, there is a certain limitation and imperfection of known and widely used conventional materials when they are used in additive manufacturing. In this regard, extensive research and development are aimed at the advancements of new materials by adjusting the chemical compositions of conventional alloys, new equipment with expanded functionality and the ability to work with a wide range of materials that were previously not available for additive manufacturing. This Special Issue covers a wide scope of additive manufacturing processes, comprising investigation, characterization of materials and their properties, development and application of new materials, structures designed for additive manufacturing, as well as processes and techniques that will expand the potential applications of layer-by-layer synthesis.

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- additive manufacturing --- binder jetting --- silicon carbide --- spray drying --- pyrolysis --- n/a --- direct laser deposition (DLD) --- direct metal deposition --- additive manufacturing (AM) --- corrosion resistant steel --- heat treatment (HT) --- maraging steel --- microstructure --- mechanical characteristics --- selective laser melting --- titanium alloy --- mechanical alloying --- powder bed fusion --- nitinol --- direct laser deposition --- heat transfer --- mass transfer --- hydrodynamics --- simulation of the melt pool --- alloys --- Ti-6Al-4V --- direct energy deposition --- thermal history --- annealing --- phase composition --- tensile properties --- tungsten carbides --- cobalt --- nanopowder --- synthesis --- granulation --- spheroidization --- DC thermal plasma --- lead-free piezoceramic --- barium titanate --- sintering --- piezoelectric properties --- titanium alloys --- multimaterial 3D printing --- graded materials --- mechanical properties --- stress relaxation --- elevated temperatures --- pure tungsten --- selective electron beam melting (SEBM) --- porosity --- soft-magnetic alloy --- FeSiB --- magnetic properties

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Recently, great attention has been paid to materials that can be used in the human body to prepare parts that replace failed bone structures. Of all materials, Ti-based materials are the most desirable, because they provide an optimum combination of mechanical, chemical, and biological properties. The successful application of Ti biomaterials has been confirmed mainly in dentistry, orthopedics, and traumatology. Titanium biocompatibility is practically the highest of all metallic biomaterials; however, new solutions are being sought to continuously improve their biocompatibility and osseointegration. Thus, the chemical modification of Ti results in the formation of new alloys or composites, which provide new perspectives for Ti biomaterials applications. This book covers broad aspects of Ti-based biomaterials concerning the design of their structure, mechanical, and biological properties. This book demonstrates that the new Ti-based compounds and their surface treatment provide the best properties for biomedical applications.

Powder Bed Fusion --- Titanium alloys --- Cobalt–Chrome alloys --- anisotropy --- bcc Ti-Mo-Zr alloys --- Inter-diffusion coefficient --- Impurity coefficient --- Atomic mobility --- CALPHAD modeling --- titanium --- low frequency --- inductive transmission --- metallic housing --- hermetic sealing --- longevity --- FEM model --- active implantable medical devices --- stainless --- nitinol --- diaphyseal fracture --- implant --- osseointegration --- biocompatibility --- bioactive ceramic coatings --- sphene --- ECAP --- Conform --- continuous extrusion --- wire --- medical implants --- plasma spraying --- Ti coating --- polymers --- biomaterials --- heat treatment --- in situ alloying --- laser additive manufacturing --- mechanical properties --- microstructure --- Ti–Nb alloy --- Ni-Ti alloy --- surface characteristics --- hydrophobic --- magnetic mixed EDM --- TiO2 nanotubes --- crystallization --- gaseous plasma --- biological response --- mechanical alloying --- nanoprecursor --- electric pulse-assisted sintering --- metal matrix composites --- titanium plate --- amine plasma --- surface modification --- hydrophilicity --- new bone formation --- titanium-based foams --- thermal dealloying --- titanium alloy --- biomaterial --- TiMoZrTa --- TiMoSi --- low elasticity modulus --- corrosion --- titanium alloys --- microstructures --- TNTZ --- copper --- Ti2Cu --- Ti3Cu --- antibacterial --- shape memory alloy --- temperature variable micro-compression test --- single crystal --- biomedical alloy --- selective electron beam additive manufacture --- Ti6Al4V ELI alloy --- phase transformation --- spatial --- gradient energy density --- martensitic decomposition --- Ti3Al intermetallic compound --- fracture analysis --- biofunctionalization

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The Special Issue Machining—Recent Advances, Applications and Challenges is intended as a humble collection of some of the hottest topics in machining. The manufacturing industry is a varying and challenging environment where new advances emerge from one day to another. In recent years, new manufacturing procedures have retained increasing attention from the industrial and scientific community. However, machining still remains the key operation to achieve high productivity and precision for high-added value parts. Continuous research is performed, and new ideas are constantly considered. This Special Issue summarizes selected high-quality papers which were submitted, peer-reviewed, and recommended by experts. It covers some (but not only) of the following topics: High performance operations for difficult-to-cut alloys, wrought and cast materials, light alloys, ceramics, etc.; Cutting tools, grades, substrates and coatings. Wear damage; Advanced cooling in machining: Minimum quantity of lubricant, dry or cryogenics; Modelling, focused on the reduction of risks, the process outcome, and to maintain surface integrity; Vibration problems in machines: Active and passive/predictive methods, sources, diagnosis and avoidance; Influence of machining in new concepts of machine–tool, and machine static and dynamic behaviors; Machinability of new composites, brittle and emerging materials; Assisted machining processes by high-pressure, laser, US, and others; Introduction of new analytics and decision making into machining programming. We wish to thank the reviewers and staff from Materials for their comments, advice, suggestions and invaluable support during the development of this Special Issue.

in situ estimation --- modeling --- simulation --- variable pitch --- X-ray diffraction --- cutting edge preparation --- plastic zone --- flank milling --- surface roughness --- power consumption --- cutting tool --- fatigue --- additive manufacturing --- optimization --- trochoidal step --- surface topography --- sinusoidal grid --- milling --- desirability approach --- electrochemical discharge machining --- fast simulation --- Inconel 718 --- secondary adhesion wear --- machinability --- hybrid stacks drilling --- cooling rate --- shape memory alloy --- residual stress --- diameter variation --- turning --- computer vision --- workholding --- on-machine monitoring --- chip morphology --- dry-cutting --- turning machine tools --- SACE-drilled hole depth --- residual stresses --- cryogenic machining --- prime machining costs --- PVD Ti0.41Al0.59N/Ti0.55Al0.45N coating --- single point incremental sheet forming --- butt weld joint --- dish angle --- machining characteristic --- DSC test --- segmented diamond blade --- cutting tool wear --- ultra-precision machining --- ceramics --- shape memory effect --- current density --- fractal dimension --- crack growth rate --- drilling --- force–temperature correlation through analytical modeling --- finite element model --- analytic solution --- aluminium --- taguchi method --- multi-objective optimization --- real-time prediction --- Gamma-TiAl --- cutting temperature --- EN 31 steel --- superalloys --- material-removal rate --- glass machining --- corner radius --- thin-wall machining --- vibration --- GPU --- titanium aluminides --- minimum quantity lubrication --- machining temperatures at two deformation zones --- finite element method --- roughness --- slight materials --- high computational efficiency --- dynamic --- adhesive --- heat transfer analysis --- connections --- stability --- vibrations --- trochoidal milling --- magnesium alloys --- specific cutting energy --- laser-assisted machining --- artificial neutral network --- microscopic analysis --- Milling stability --- topography --- weight loss --- modal testing --- sustainable machining --- dry --- damping --- ductile machining --- Inconel® 718 --- modelling --- cutting edge microgeometry --- electropulsing --- PCD --- cutting geometry --- fixture --- artificial neural networks --- spark-assisted chemical engraving --- machining --- specific energy consumption --- heat transfer search algorithm --- material removal rate --- prediction --- CFRP/UNS A92024 --- tool wear --- titanium alloy --- multi-beam laser --- chip compression ratio --- design of experiments --- concrete --- ANN --- titanium --- chatter --- response surface methodology --- machine tool --- superelastic nitinol --- optimal machining conditions --- machine vision --- steel sheet --- cutting process --- fracture mechanism --- self-excitation --- tool insert condition --- induction assisted milling --- hole quality --- GA --- titanium alloys --- microlens array --- parameter identification --- Taguchi method --- weld reinforcement --- slow tool servo --- cutting parameters --- flank super abrasive machining (SAM) --- stiffness properties --- grey relational analysis --- deflection --- computer numerical control --- grain density --- surface grinding --- the cutting force components --- Huber–Mises stress --- WEDM