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This Special Issue puts forward for discussion state-of-the-art papers on new topics related to neutrosophic theories, such as neutrosophic algebraic structures, neutrosophic triplet algebraic structures, neutrosophic extended triplet algebraic structures, neutrosophic algebraic hyperstructures, neutrosophic triplet algebraic hyperstructures, neutrosophic n-ary algebraic structures, neutrosophic n-ary algebraic hyperstructures, refined neutrosophic algebraic structures, refined neutrosophic algebraic hyperstructures, quadruple neutrosophic algebraic structures, refined quadruple neutrosophic algebraic structures, neutrosophic image processing, neutrosophic image classification, neutrosophic computer vision, neutrosophic machine learning, neutrosophic artificial intelligence, neutrosophic data analytics, neutrosophic deep learning, neutrosophic symmetry, and their applications in the real world. This book leads to the further advancement of the neutrosophic and plithogenic theories of NeutroAlgebra and AntiAlgebra, NeutroGeometry and AntiGeometry, Neutrosophic n-SuperHyperGraph (the most general form of graph of today), Neutrosophic Statistics, Plithogenic Logic as a generalization of MultiVariate Logic, Plithogenic Probability and Plithogenic Statistics as a generalization of MultiVariate Probability and Statistics, respectively, and presents their countless applications in our every-day world.

Neutrosophic logic --- Mathematical models.

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Neutrosophic theory has representatives on all continent sand, therefore, it can be said to be a universal theory. On the other hand, according to the two volumes of “The Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers” (2016, 2018) about 150 researchers from 37 countries apply the idea and the neutrosophic method. Neutrosophic theory was founded by Professor Florentin Smarandache in 1998; it constitutes further generalization of fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy theories. The key distinction between the neutrosophic set/logic and other types of sets/logics consists of the introduction of the degree of indeterminacy/neutrality (I) as independent component in the neutrosophic set. Thus, neutrosophic theory involves the degree of membership-truth (T), the degree of indeterminacy (I), and the degree of non-membership-falsehood (F). In recent years, the field of neutrosophic set, logic, measure, probability and statistics, precalculus and calculus etc. and their applications in multiple fields have been extended and applied in various fields, such as communication, management and information technology. The present volume gathers the latest neutrosophic techniques, methodologies or mixed approaches, being thus a barometer of the neutrosophic research in 2020.

neutrosophic topology --- neutrosophic generalized topology --- neutrosophic generalized pre-closed sets --- neutrosophic generalized pre-open sets --- neutrosophic p T 1 2 space --- neutrosophic g p T 1 2 space --- generalized neutrosophic compact and generalized neutrosophic compact --- fuzzy operating characteristic curve --- fuzzy OC band --- Birnbaum-Sunders distribution --- single acceptance sampling plan --- aggregation operator --- decision making --- neutrosophic soft expert sets --- neutrosophic soft expert multiset --- neutrosophic sets --- neutrosophic multisets --- neutrosophic multigroups --- neutrosophic multisubgroups --- bipolar neutrosophic number (BNN) --- BNN improved generalized weighted HM (BNNIGWHM) operator --- BNN improved generalized weighted geometry HM (BNNIGWGHM) operator --- decision-making --- neutrosophic cubic set --- neutrosophic cubic hybrid geometric operator --- neutrosophic cubic Einstein hybrid geometric operator --- multiattributedecision-making (MADM) --- neutrosophic set --- Zhang-Zhang’s YinYang bipolar fuzzy set --- single-valued bipolar neutrosophic set --- bipolar fuzzy set --- YinYang bipolar fuzzy set --- multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) --- Linguistic neutrosophic --- LNN Einstein weighted-average operator --- LNN Einstein weighted-geometry (LNNEWG) operator --- semi-idempotent --- neutrosophic rings --- modulo neutrosophic rings --- neutrosophic semi-idempotent --- neutrosophic ring --- neutrosophic triplets --- idemponents --- special neutrosophic triplets --- acceptance number --- neutrosophic approach --- operating characteristics --- risks --- sample size --- probabilistic neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set --- distance measure --- similarity measure --- entropy measure --- multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) --- Neutrosophic Quadruple (NQ) --- Neutrosophic Quadruple set --- NQ vector spaces --- NQ linear algebras --- NQ basis --- orthogonal or dual NQ vector subspaces --- similarity index --- diagnosis --- process --- indeterminacy --- neutrosophic statistics --- time-truncated test --- Weibull distribution --- risk --- uncertainty --- neutrosophic --- neutrosophic logic --- fuzzy logic --- control chart --- neutrosophic numbers --- monitoring --- financial assets --- neutrosophicportfolio --- neutrosophic portfolio return --- neutrosophic portfolio risk --- neutrosophic covariance --- Abel-Grassmann’s neutrosophic extended triplet loop --- generalized Abel-Grassmann’s neutrosophic extended triplet loop --- strong inverse AG-groupoid --- quasi strong inverse AG-groupoid --- quasi Clifford AG-groupoid --- semigroup --- CA-groupoid --- regular CA-groupoid --- neutrosophic extended triplet (NET) --- Green relation --- multi-attribute group decision-making --- granular computing --- interval-valued neutrosophic information --- multigranulation probabilistic models --- merger and acquisition target selections --- dynamic neutrosophic environment --- dynamic interval-valued neutrosophic set --- unknown weight information --- single-valued neutrosophic linguistic set --- combined weighted --- logarithmic distance measure --- supplier selection --- fresh aquatic products --- MAGDM

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This book contains 37 papers by 73 renowned experts from 13 countries around the world, on following topics: neutrosophic set; neutrosophic rings; neutrosophic quadruple rings; idempotents; neutrosophic extended triplet group; hypergroup; semihypergroup; neutrosophic extended triplet group; neutrosophic extended triplet semihypergroup and hypergroup; neutrosophic offset; uninorm; neutrosophic offuninorm and offnorm; neutrosophic offconorm; implicator; prospector; n-person cooperative game; ordinary single-valued neutrosophic (co)topology; ordinary single-valued neutrosophic subspace; ?-level; ordinary single-valued neutrosophic neighborhood system; ordinary single-valued neutrosophic base and subbase; fuzzy numbers; neutrosophic numbers; neutrosophic symmetric scenarios; performance indicators; financial assets; neutrosophic extended triplet group; neutrosophic quadruple numbers; refined neutrosophic numbers; refined neutrosophic quadruple numbers; multigranulation neutrosophic rough set; nondual; two universes; multiattribute group decision making; nonstandard analysis; extended nonstandard analysis; monad; binad; left monad closed to the right; right monad closed to the left; pierced binad; unpierced binad; nonstandard neutrosophic mobinad set; neutrosophic topology; nonstandard neutrosophic topology; visual tracking; neutrosophic weight; objectness; weighted multiple instance learning; neutrosophic triangular norms; residuated lattices; representable neutrosophic t-norms; De Morgan neutrosophic triples; neutrosophic residual implications; infinitely ?-distributive; probabilistic neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set; decision-making; Choquet integral; e-marketing; Internet of Things; neutrosophic set; multicriteria decision making techniques; uncertainty modeling; neutrosophic goal programming approach; shale gas water management system.

nonstandard neutrosophic supremum --- classical statistics --- complex neutrosophic set --- neutrosophic offnorm --- neutrosophic extended triplet group --- multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) --- neutrosophic time series --- refined neutrosophic quadruple numbers --- BNHHA aggregation operator --- neutrosophic offconorm --- monad --- matrix representation --- left monad closed to the right --- implicator --- neutrsophic set --- neutrosophic correlation --- neutrosophic cubic sets --- decision-making --- MoBiNad set --- open and closed monads to the left/right --- distance measure --- De Morgan neutrosophic triples --- group decision making --- financial assets --- soft expert set --- uninorm --- multi-attribute group decision making --- sampling plan --- cubic sets --- neutrosophic cubic ordered weighted geometric operator (NCOWG) --- shale gas water management system --- weighted average operator --- aggregation operations --- quality function deployment --- Einstein t-norm --- neutrosophic rings --- non-standard neutrosophic topology --- BNHWA aggregation operator --- hypergroup --- triangular neutrosophic cubic fuzzy number --- pierced and unpierced binads --- numerical application --- neutrosophic cubic weighted geometric operator (NCWG) --- relations --- extended nonstandard analysis --- arithmetic averaging operator --- nonstandard reals --- Choquet integral --- Function approximation --- neutrosophic triangular norms --- weighted geometric operator --- neutrosophic regression --- optimization solution --- ordinary single valued neutrosophic neighborhood system --- smart port --- neutrosophic topology --- multi-criteria decision making techniques --- low-carbon supplier selection --- producer’s risk --- quasi-completely regular semigroup --- score function --- MAGDM --- multicriteria decision-making --- neutrosophic soft rough --- NET-hypergroup --- refined neutrosophic numbers --- neutrosophic logical relationship groups --- combined weighted average --- TOPSIS --- neutrosophic logical relationship --- logarithmic aggregation operators --- non-standard analysis --- multi-attribute decision-making --- neutrosophic extended triplet semihypergroup (NET-semihypergroup) --- aggregation --- nonstandard neutrosophic logic --- symmetric relation --- uncertainty modeling --- single valued neutrosophic sets --- BNHOWA aggregation operator --- ordinary single valued neutrosophic subspace --- generalized neutrosophic extended triplet group --- multi-attribute decision making --- ordinary single valued neutrosophic base --- nonstandard arithmetic operations --- pierced binad --- MCGDM problems --- simplified neutrosophic set --- residuated lattices --- Neutrosophic compound orthogonal neural network --- rough set approximation --- single-valued neutrosophic linguistic set --- binad --- multi-granulation neutrosophic rough set --- single valued neutrosophic set --- infinitesimals --- standard reals --- soft set --- non-standard neutrosophic mobinad set --- certainty function --- neutrosophic weight --- two universes --- sample size --- n-person cooperative game --- paper defect diagnosis --- performance indicators --- semihypergroup --- logarithmic operational laws --- right monad closed to the left --- idempotents --- unpierced binad --- neutrosophic cubic hybrid weighted arithmetic and geometric aggregation operator (NCHWAGA) --- neutrosophic symmetric scenarios --- extended nonstandard neutrosophic logic --- neutrosophic statistics --- neutrosophic goal programming approach --- neutrosophic offset --- neutrosophic statistical interval method --- weighted multiple instance learning --- neutrosophic cubic Einstein ordered weighted geometric operator (NCEOWG) --- fuzzy parameterized single valued neutrosophic soft expert set --- single-valued neutrosophic soft number and its operations --- Internet of Things --- extended non-standard analysis --- dietary fat level --- soft sets --- visual tracking --- neutrosophic offuninorm --- neutrosophic cubic Einstein weighted geometric operator (NCEWG) --- ordinary single valued neutrosophic subbase --- membership function --- non-dual --- SVN soft weighted arithmetic averaging operator --- Q-neutrosophic set --- neutrosophic sets --- fuzzy numbers --- intuitionistic fuzzy parameters --- producer’s risk’ --- graph representation --- exponential similarity measure --- infinities --- maximizing deviation --- Multi-attribute decision making --- SVN soft weighted geometric averaging operator --- objectness --- Q-neutrosophic soft set --- accuracy function --- consumer’s risk --- decision making --- Neutrosophic number --- clifford semigroup --- neutrosophic numbers --- neutrosophic residual implications --- nonstandard neutrosophic lattices of first type (as poset) and second type (as algebraic structure) --- covering --- e-marketing --- nonstandard analysis --- neutrosophic quadruple rings --- complex neutrosophic soft expert set --- single-valued neutrosophic set --- neutrosophic cubic soft expert system --- neutrosophic cubic soft sets --- triangular neutrosophic number --- supply chain sustainability metrics --- neutrosophic quadruple numbers --- ?-level --- nonstandard neutrosophic infimum --- infinitely ?-distributive --- plithogeny --- neutrosophic set --- fuzzy logic --- prospector --- Neutrosophic function --- representable neutrosophic t-norms --- probabilistic neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set (PNHFS) --- prostate cancer --- nonstandard unit interval --- port evaluation --- simplified neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set --- ordinary single valued neutrosophic (co)topology

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Neutrosophy (1995) is a new branch of philosophy that studies triads of the form (, , ), where is an entity {i.e. element, concept, idea, theory, logical proposition, etc.}, is the opposite of , while is the neutral (or indeterminate) between them, i.e., neither nor .Based on neutrosophy, the neutrosophic triplets were founded, which have a similar form (x, neut(x), anti(x)), that satisfy several axioms, for each element x in a given set.This collective book presents original research papers by many neutrosophic researchers from around the world, that report on the state-of-the-art and recent advancements of neutrosophic triplets, neutrosophic duplets, neutrosophic multisets and their algebraic structures – that have been defined recently in 2016 but have gained interest from world researchers. Connections between classical algebraic structures and neutrosophic triplet / duplet / multiset structures are also studied. And numerous neutrosophic applications in various fields, such as: multi-criteria decision making, image segmentation, medical diagnosis, fault diagnosis, clustering data, neutrosophic probability, human resource management, strategic planning, forecasting model, multi-granulation, supplier selection problems, typhoon disaster evaluation, skin lesson detection, mining algorithm for big data analysis, etc.

similarity measure --- generalized partitioned Bonferroni mean operator --- normal distribution --- school administrator --- complex neutrosophic set --- expert set --- neutrosophic classification --- multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) --- multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques --- criterion functions --- matrix representation --- possibility degree --- quantum computation --- typhoon disaster evaluation --- NT-subgroup --- generalized neutrosophic ideal --- three-way decisions --- decision-making --- G-metric --- multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) --- SVM --- semi-neutrosophic triplets --- LA-semihypergroups --- power operator --- fuzzy graph --- neutrosophic cubic graphs --- LNGPBM operator --- neutrosophic c-means clustering --- (commutative) ideal --- region growing --- clustering algorithm --- Neutrosophic cubic sets --- forecasting --- vector similarity measure --- totally dependent-neutrosophic soft set --- Fenyves identities --- TODIM model --- similarity measures --- CI-algebra --- Dice measure --- de-neutrosophication methods --- DSmT --- semigroup --- VIKOR model --- multigranulation neutrosophic rough set (MNRS) --- simplified neutrosophic linguistic numbers --- Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) --- multi-criteria group decision making --- multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) --- exponential operational laws of interval neutrosophic numbers --- simplified neutrosophic weighted averaging operator --- neutro-epimorphism --- Choquet integral --- fixed point theory (FPT) --- computability --- neutrosophic triplet set --- interval-valued neutrosophic set --- simplified neutrosophic sets (SNSs) --- totally dependent-neutrosophic set --- Maclaurin symmetric mean --- recursive enumerability --- loop --- photovoltaic plan --- intersection --- neutrosophic bipolar fuzzy set --- big data --- inclusion relation --- dual aggregation operators --- Hamming distance --- neutro-automorphism --- neutrosophic set theory --- multiple attribute decision-making --- multicriteria decision-making --- pseudo primitive elements --- medical diagnosis --- neutrosophic G-metric --- bipolar fuzzy set --- NC power dual MM operator (NCPDMM) operator --- neutrosophic sets (NSs) --- emerging technology commercialization --- neutrosophic triplet groups --- probabilistic rough sets over two universes --- neutrosophic triplet set (NTS) --- neutrosophic triplet cosets --- MM operator --- TOPSIS --- cloud model --- extended ELECTRE III --- extended TOPSIS method --- 2ingle-valued neutrosophic set --- dual domains --- probabilistic single-valued (interval) neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set --- Jaccard measure --- data mining --- BE-algebra --- neutrosophic soft set --- aggregation operators --- image segmentation --- multiple attribute decision making (MADM) --- neutrosophic duplets --- fundamental neutro-homomorphism theorem --- neutro-homomorphism --- power aggregation operator --- linear and non-linear neutrosophic number --- multi-attribute decision making --- first neutro-isomorphism theorem --- MCGDM problems --- neutrosophic bipolar fuzzy weighted averaging operator --- Bonferroni mean --- analytic hierarchy process (AHP) --- quasigroup --- action learning --- weak commutative neutrosophic triplet group --- generalized aggregation operators --- single valued neutrosophic multiset (SVNM) --- sustainable supplier selection problems (SSSPs) --- LNGWPBM operator --- skin cancer --- oracle computation --- n/a --- fault diagnosis --- interval valued neutrosophic support soft sets --- neutrosophic triplet normal subgroups --- soft set --- multi-criteria decision-making --- neutrosophic triplet --- generalized group --- neutrosophic multiset (NM) --- two universes --- algorithm --- multi-attribute decision making (MADM) --- PA operator --- BCI-algebra --- neutrosophic triplet group (NTG) --- single valued trapezoidal neutrosophic number --- quasi neutrosophic triplet loop --- neutrosophy --- complex neutrosophic graph --- S-semigroup of neutrosophic triplets --- and second neutro-isomorphism theorem --- MADM --- dermoscopy --- linguistic neutrosophic sets --- defuzzification --- construction project --- potential evaluation --- neutrosophic big data --- decision-making algorithms --- neutosophic extended triplet subgroups --- applications of neutrosophic cubic graphs --- fuzzy time series --- TFNNs VIKOR method --- two-factor fuzzy logical relationship --- oracle Turing machines --- grasp type --- interval neutrosophic sets --- multi-criteria group decision-making --- interval neutrosophic weighted exponential aggregation (INWEA) operator --- power aggregation operators --- neutrosophic triplet group --- MGNRS --- 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets (2TLNSs) --- computation --- filter --- multi-valued neutrosophic set --- integrated weight --- Bol-Moufang --- prioritized operator --- interval number --- logic --- pseudo-BCI algebra --- interval neutrosophic set (INS) --- neutrosophic rough set --- soft sets --- Q-neutrosophic --- Linguistic neutrosophic sets --- fuzzy measure --- homomorphism theorem --- commutative generalized neutrosophic ideal --- neutrosophic association rule --- shopping mall --- dependent degree --- Q-linguistic neutrosophic variable set --- quasi neutrosophic loops --- symmetry --- neutrosophic sets --- neutrosophic logic --- neutrosophic cubic set --- complement --- robotic dexterous hands --- neutro-monomorphism --- group --- analytic network process --- Muirhead mean --- maximizing deviation --- classical group of neutrosophic triplets --- neutrosophic triplet quotient groups --- generalized neutrosophic set --- multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) --- support soft sets --- decision making --- generalized De Morgan algebra --- multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) --- single-valued neutrosophic multisets --- 2TLNNs TODIM method --- membership --- grasping configurations --- single valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) --- multiple attribute decision making problem --- SWOT analysis --- neutrosophic clustering --- hesitant fuzzy set --- interval neutrosophic numbers (INNs) --- quasi neutrosophic triplet group --- triangular fuzzy neutrosophic sets (TFNSs) --- interdependency of criteria --- aggregation operator --- cosine measure --- neutrosophic set --- neutrosophic computation --- decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) --- partial metric spaces (PMS) --- NCPMM operator --- clustering

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Graph theory is an important area of applied mathematics with a broad spectrum of applications in many fields. This book results from aSpecialIssue in the journal Mathematics entitled “Graph-Theoretic Problems and Their New Applications”. It contains 20 articles covering a broad spectrum of graph-theoretic works that were selected from 151 submitted papers after a thorough refereeing process. Among others, it includes a deep survey on mixed graphs and their use for solutions ti scheduling problems. Other subjects include topological indices, domination numbers of graphs, domination games, contraction mappings, and neutrosophic graphs. Several applications of graph theory are discussed, e.g., the use of graph theory in the context of molecular processes.

Zagreb indices --- n/a --- generating function --- mitotic cell cycle --- Mycielskian graph --- evolution theory --- grids --- “partitions” of wheel graph --- generalized hypertree --- connectivity --- single-valued neutrosophic graph --- degree of a vertex --- domination game --- interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy graph --- directed cycle --- makespan criterion --- total-colored graph --- bipartite matching extendable graph --- stochastic convergence --- bipartite neutrosophic graph --- signless Laplacian --- complete neutrosophic graph --- k-trees --- enhanced hypercube --- b-metric space --- resistance distance --- Wiener index --- mixed graph --- line graph --- NP-hard --- generalized first Zagreb index --- inverse degree index --- sum lordeg index --- Edge Wiener --- chromatic polynomial --- degree of vertex --- complement neutrosophic graph --- graphic contraction mappings --- embedding --- Cartesian product --- k-rainbow domination number --- distance between two vertices --- evolution algebra --- k-rainbow dominating function --- PI index --- subtree --- component --- competition-independence game --- interval-valued fuzzy graph --- b-metric-like space --- induced matching extendable --- edge coloring --- degree of edge --- approximation methods --- chromatic index --- join of graphs --- genetic algorithm --- hypergraph --- edge congestion --- complement --- polynomials in graphs --- vertex coloring --- interval-valued neutrosophic graph --- spanning tree --- Kempe chain --- general contractive mappings --- DD index --- wireless multihop network and social network --- distance --- evolutionary approach --- complexity analysis --- neutrosophic graph --- Kempe-locking --- wheel graph --- Birkhoff diamond --- domination number --- k-extendable --- degree-Kirchhoff index --- adjacent matrix --- perfect matching --- spectral radius --- normalized Laplacian --- corona product --- road transport network --- extremal values --- bound --- chromatic number --- graph coloring --- combinatorial optimization --- reformulated Zagreb indices --- wirelength --- intuitionistic fuzzy graph --- unit-time scheduling --- fan graph --- "partitions" of wheel graph