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Book
Het Paasfeest
Authors: ---
ISBN: 9033829568 Publisher: Amsterdam Ark Boeken

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Innovation and its discontents : how our broken patent system is endangering innovation and progress, and what to do about it
Authors: ---
ISBN: 9780691127941 0691127948 069111725X 9786613133380 1400837340 1283133385 9781400837342 9780691117256 9781283133388 Year: 2007 Publisher: Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press,

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The United States patent system has become sand rather than lubricant in the wheels of American progress. Such is the premise behind this provocative and timely book by two of the nation's leading experts on patents and economic innovation. Innovation and Its Discontents tells the story of how recent changes in patenting--an institutional process that was created to nurture innovation--have wreaked havoc on innovators, businesses, and economic productivity. Jaffe and Lerner, who have spent the past two decades studying the patent system, show how legal changes initiated in the 1980's converted the system from a stimulator of innovation to a creator of litigation and uncertainty that threatens the innovation process itself. In one telling vignette, Jaffe and Lerner cite a patent litigation campaign brought by a a semi-conductor chip designer that claims control of an entire category of computer memory chips. The firm's claims are based on a modest 15-year old invention, whose scope and influenced were broadened by secretly manipulating an industry-wide cooperative standard-setting body. Such cases are largely the result of two changes in the patent climate, Jaffe and Lerner contend. First, new laws have made it easier for businesses and inventors to secure patents on products of all kinds, and second, the laws have tilted the table to favor patent holders, no matter how tenuous their claims. After analyzing the economic incentives created by the current policies, Jaffe and Lerner suggest a three-pronged solution for restoring the patent system: create incentives to motivate parties who have information about the novelty of a patent; provide multiple levels of patent review; and replace juries with judges and special masters to preside over certain aspects of infringement cases. Well-argued and engagingly written, Innovation and Its Discontents offers a fresh approach for enhancing both the nation's creativity and its economic growth.


Book
Trading places : the Netherlandish merchants in early modern Venice
Author:
ISBN: 9789004175433 9004175431 9786612603129 9047428870 1282603124 9789047428879 9781282603127 Year: 2009 Volume: 1 Publisher: Leiden ; Boston : Brill,

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Trading Places is winner of the triennial Historical Research Award of Italy Studies (2012). This book deals with the Netherlandish merchant community in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Venice. It examines the merchants’ commercial activities, their social and communal relations, as well as their interaction with the Venetian state, which was accustomed to protect its own trade. The Netherlandish merchants in Venice, as part of an extensive international trading network, were ideally placed to connect Mediterranean and Atlantic commerce. They quickly became the most important group of foreign merchants in the city at a time of rapid economic changes. Drawing on a wide variety of primary sources, this book shows how these immigrant traders used their strong commercial position to secure a place in Venice. It demonstrates how the changing balance of international commerce affected early modern Venetian society.

Keywords

trade [function] --- History of Italy --- dealers --- History of the Low Countries --- anno 1500-1599 --- Venice --- Merchants, Foreign --- Dutch --- Venise --- --Commerce --- --Histoire économique et sociale --- --Pays-Bas --- --Condition économique --- --Marchand --- --XVIIe s., --- History --- Venice (Italy) --- Commerce --- Economic conditions --- Dutch --Italy --Venice --History --16th century. --- Merchants, Foreign --Italy --Venice --History --16th century. --- Venice (Italy) --Commerce --Netherlands. --- Venice (Italy) --Economic conditions --16th century. --- Commerce - General --- Business & Economics --- Dutchmen (Dutch people) --- Hollanders --- Foreign merchants --- Bneci (Italy) --- Mleci (Italy) --- Mleti (Italy) --- Venecia (Italy) --- Venezia (Italy) --- Venedig (Italy) --- Venetik (Italy) --- Venetsii︠a︡ (Italy) --- Velence (Italy) --- Benetia (Italy) --- Venetia (Italy) --- Wenecja (Italy) --- Venise (Italy) --- Fenice (Italy) --- Benetke (Italy) --- Vinegia (Italy) --- Ethnology --- Burano (Italy) --- Murano (Italy) --- Venice (Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom) --- Kooplieden. --- Nederlanders. --- Venetië (stad) --- Venet︠s︡ii︠a︡ (Italy) --- Merchants, Foreign - Italy - Venice - History - 16th century. --- Dutch - Italy - Venice - History - 16th century. --- Histoire économique et sociale --- Condition économique --- Marchand --- XVIIe s., 1601-1700 --- Pays-Bas --- Venice (Italy) - Commerce - Netherlands. --- Venice (Italy) - Economic conditions - 16th century. --- trade [general function] --- economische geschiedenis

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