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Extreme climatic events, such as intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves, are occurring with increasing frequency and with pronounced impacts on forests. Forest trees, as long-lived organisms, need to develop adaptation mechanisms to successfully respond to such climatic extremes. Whether physiological adaptations on the tree level result in ecophysiological responses that ensure plasticity of forest ecosystems to climate change is currently in the core forest research. Within this Special Issue, forest species’ responses to climatic variability were reported from diverse climatic zones and ecosystem types: from near-desert mountains in western USA to tropical forests in central America and Asia, and from Mediterranean ecosystems to temperate European forests. The clear effects of constraints related to climate change were evidenced on the tree level, such as in differentiated gene expression, metabolite abundance, sap flow rates, photosynthetic performance, seed germination, survival and growth, while on the ecosystem level, tree line shifts, temporal shifts in allocation of resources and species shifts were identified. Experimental schemes such as common gardens and provenance trails also provided long-term indications on the tolerance of forest species against drought and warming and serve to evaluate their performance under the predicted climate in near future. These findings enhance our knowledge on the potential resilience of forest species and ecosystems to climate change and provide an updated basis for continuing research on this topic.

Cedrela odorata --- seeds --- germination --- cardinal temperatures --- thermal time --- climate change --- dendrochronology --- ecology --- moving window analysis --- Pinaceae --- Pinus arizonica Engelm. --- Pinus ponderosa var. brachyptera (Engelm.) --- Ponderosae --- response function --- tree rings --- global climate change --- forest ecology --- trees adaptation --- phenotypic plasticity --- Phoebe bournei --- nitrogen --- carbon dioxide --- photosynthesis --- leaf anatomy --- National Park --- tree line shift --- acclimation --- adaptation --- common garden --- drought --- ecodistance --- mortality --- stomatal frequency --- stomatal size --- sap flux --- radial profile --- sapwood depth --- Aleppo pine --- diurnal variation --- seasonal variation --- climate --- basal area increment --- forest dieback --- Mediterranean forest --- stem growth --- water availability --- Quercus --- morphology evaluation --- survival rate --- extreme frost --- heat and drought --- open-top chamber --- RNA sequencing --- gene expression analysis --- Populus --- n/a

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The analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a real-time liquid biopsy approach can be used to obtain new insights into metastasis biology, and as companion diagnostics to improve the stratification of therapies and to obtain insights into the therapy-induced selection of cancer cells. In this book, we will cover all the different facets of CTCs to assemble a huge corpus of knowledge on cancer dissemination: technologies for their enrichment, detection, and characterization; their analysis at the single-cell level; their journey as CTC microemboli; their clinical relevance; their biology with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT); their stem-cell properties; their potential to initiate metastasis at distant sites; their ex vivo expansion; and their escape from the immune system.

n/a --- FOLFIRINOX --- immunofluorescence imaging --- AR-V7 --- circulating tumour cells --- chemoradioresistance --- CTC-based treatment decisions --- rVAR2 --- immunophenotyping --- immune system --- CellSearch® --- flow cytometry --- clinical trials --- circulating tumor DNA --- synaptophysin --- stem cells --- colorectal cancer --- melanoma --- CTC biology --- platelets --- AR --- CTC capture technology --- castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) --- PD-L1 expression --- rovalpituzumab tesirine --- HMB-45 --- thymidylate synthase --- ctDNA --- tumor cell dissemination --- solid cancers --- metastasis --- locally advanced rectal cancer --- miRNA --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) --- NSCLC --- tumor biomarkers --- tumor stem cells --- circulating tumor cells --- major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) --- bone marrow --- heterogeneity --- cerebrospinal liquid biopsy --- fish --- glioma --- in vivo flow cytometry --- colorectal surgery --- CellSearch --- single-cell analysis --- disseminated tumor cells --- EasyCount slides --- microsatellite instability --- circulating plasma cells --- circulating leukemia cells --- ARV7 --- SLUG --- androgen receptor --- metastatic colorectal cancer --- leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles --- prostate cancer (PCa) --- neutrophils --- liquid biopsy --- enzalutamide --- CD133 --- enrichment and detection technologies --- biomarkers --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- biomarker --- RAD23B --- microbiome --- integrin B1 --- ACCEPT --- emboli --- small-cell lung carcinoma --- EPISPOT --- microfluidics --- early breast cancer --- circulating tumor cells (CTC) --- tumor-initiating cells (TICs) --- immunomodulation --- xenograft models --- CTC-derived xenografts --- malaria --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- clinical utility --- exosomes --- liquid surgery --- ctRNA --- CTCs --- epithelial–mesenchymal transition --- targeted therapy --- hematological cells --- gene expression analysis --- hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) --- breast cancer --- EpCAM enrichment --- prostate cancer --- CTC --- abiraterone --- fibronectin --- CTC-derived ex vivo models --- CTMat --- chromogranin A --- CTM --- exosome --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition

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Gene Expression Profiling --- Nervous System Diseases --- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Microarray Analysis --- Sequence Analysis --- Molecular Probe Techniques --- Genetic Techniques --- Nucleic Acid Hybridization --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Diseases --- Microchip Analytical Procedures --- Investigative Techniques --- Phenomena and Processes --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Chemistry Techniques, Analytical --- Analytical Chemistry Methods --- Analytical Chemistry Techniques --- Analytical Chemistry Method --- Analytical Chemistry Technique --- Chemistry Method, Analytical --- Chemistry Methods, Analytical --- Chemistry Technique, Analytical --- Method, Analytical Chemistry --- Methods, Analytical Chemistry --- Technique, Analytical Chemistry --- Techniques, Analytical Chemistry --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Microchip Analysis --- Analyses, Microchip --- Analysis, Microchip --- Analytical Procedure, Microchip --- Analytical Procedures, Microchip --- Microchip Analytical Procedure --- Procedure, Microchip Analytical --- Procedures, Microchip Analytical --- Micromanipulation --- Nanotechnology --- Lab-On-A-Chip Devices --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Concepts --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomenon --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiology --- Genomic Hybridization --- Acid Hybridization, Nucleic --- Acid Hybridizations, Nucleic --- Genomic Hybridizations --- Hybridization, Genomic --- Hybridization, Nucleic Acid --- Hybridizations, Genomic --- Hybridizations, Nucleic Acid --- Nucleic Acid Hybridizations --- DNA --- Nucleic Acid Probes --- Oligonucleotide Probes --- Genetic Technic --- Genetic Technics --- Genetic Technique --- Technic, Genetic --- Technics, Genetic --- Technique, Genetic --- Techniques, Genetic --- Genetics --- Genetic Counseling --- Genetic Phenomena --- Molecular Probe Technic --- Molecular Probe Technics --- Molecular Probe Technique --- Technic, Molecular Probe --- Technics, Molecular Probe --- Technique, Molecular Probe --- Techniques, Molecular Probe --- Probe Technic, Molecular --- Probe Technics, Molecular --- Probe Technique, Molecular --- Probe Techniques, Molecular --- Analysis, Sequence --- Determination, Sequence --- Determinations, Sequence --- Sequence Determinations --- Sequence Determination --- Analyses, Sequence --- Sequence Analyses --- Microarray Analytical Devices --- Microarray Microchips --- Nanoarray Analytical Devices --- Analysis, Microarray --- Analytical Device, Microarray --- Analytical Device, Nanoarray --- Analytical Devices, Microarray --- Analytical Devices, Nanoarray --- Device, Microarray Analytical --- Device, Nanoarray Analytical --- Devices, Microarray Analytical --- Devices, Nanoarray Analytical --- Microarray Analytical Device --- Microarray Microchip --- Microchip, Microarray --- Microchips, Microarray --- Nanoarray Analytical Device --- Nervous System Physiological Concepts --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomenon --- Nervous System Physiological Process --- Physiology, Nervous System --- Nervous System Physiologic Processes --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Nervous System Physiology --- System Physiology, Nervous --- Nervous System --- DNA Arrays --- DNA Chips --- DNA Microchips --- Gene Chips --- Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis --- Oligonucleotide Microarrays --- Sequence Analysis, Oligonucleotide Array --- cDNA Arrays --- DNA Microarrays --- Oligonucleotide Arrays --- cDNA Microarrays --- Array, DNA --- Array, Oligonucleotide --- Array, cDNA --- Arrays, DNA --- Arrays, Oligonucleotide --- Arrays, cDNA --- Chip, DNA --- Chip, Gene --- Chips, DNA --- Chips, Gene --- DNA Array --- DNA Chip --- DNA Microarray --- DNA Microchip --- Gene Chip --- Microarray, DNA --- Microarray, Oligonucleotide --- Microarray, cDNA --- Microarrays, DNA --- Microarrays, Oligonucleotide --- Microarrays, cDNA --- Microchip, DNA --- Microchips, DNA --- Oligonucleotide Array --- Oligonucleotide Microarray --- cDNA Array --- cDNA Microarray --- Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques --- Nervous System Disorders --- Neurological Disorders --- Neurologic Disorders --- Disease, Nervous System --- Diseases, Nervous System --- Disorder, Nervous System --- Disorder, Neurologic --- Disorder, Neurological --- Disorders, Nervous System --- Disorders, Neurologic --- Disorders, Neurological --- Nervous System Disease --- Nervous System Disorder --- Neurologic Disorder --- Neurological Disorder --- Neurology --- Gene Expression Monitoring --- Transcriptome Analysis --- Gene Expression Pattern Analysis --- Transcript Expression Analysis --- Transcriptome Profiling --- mRNA Differential Display --- Analyses, Transcript Expression --- Analyses, Transcriptome --- Analysis, Transcript Expression --- Analysis, Transcriptome --- Differential Display, mRNA --- Differential Displays, mRNA --- Display, mRNA Differential --- Displays, mRNA Differential --- Gene Expression Monitorings --- Gene Expression Profilings --- Monitoring, Gene Expression --- Monitorings, Gene Expression --- Profiling, Gene Expression --- Profiling, Transcriptome --- Profilings, Gene Expression --- Profilings, Transcriptome --- Transcript Expression Analyses --- Transcriptome Analyses --- Transcriptome Profilings --- mRNA Differential Displays --- Gene Expression --- Transcriptome --- Subtractive Hybridization Techniques --- methods --- physiology --- Gene Expression Microarray Analysis --- Gene Expression Analysis --- Transcriptomics --- Analyses, Gene Expression --- Analysis, Gene Expression --- Expression Analyses, Gene --- Expression Analysis, Gene --- Gene Expression Analyses