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Financial crises are nothing new in the annals of history of the capitalistic path of economic development; indeed, they are part of business cycle. The theoretical basis for this is well entrenched in the concept of ‘Keynesian Cross’. Tales of crises date back centuries, but have taken a new turn as the race for more globalization goes on, which involves liberalizing trade and opening up the financial sector. This has made many nations vulnerable to crises that are likely to be repeated, perhaps frequently. Based on recent experience, warning signs can be seen in the dollar-centric exchange rate, which is the mainstay for the stability of the current global financial system. To a careful observer, there is clearly fatigue in the system.

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) --- banking crises --- reserve currency --- asymmetry --- derivative --- Asian crisis --- policy uncertainty --- monetary plurality --- mortgage crisis --- nonlinear ARDL --- China --- emerging market economies --- exchange rates --- default swap --- LIBOR --- currency --- cash flow --- Belt and Road Initiative --- money demand --- commodity price stabilisation --- trade balance --- risk management --- Argentina --- RMB internationalization --- GMM --- currency convertibility --- investment --- Grondona system --- exchange rate disconnect puzzle --- monetary policy --- NARDL --- Special Drawing Right --- currency pegs --- international monetary system --- economic institutions --- cointegration --- macroeconomic fundamentals --- currency crisis --- the U.S.A.

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1989 explores the momentous events following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the effects they have had on our world ever since. Based on documents, interviews, and television broadcasts from Washington, London, Paris, Bonn, Berlin, Warsaw, Moscow, and a dozen other locations, 1989 describes how Germany unified, NATO expansion began, and Russia got left on the periphery of the new Europe. This updated edition contains a new afterword with the most recent evidence on the 1990 origins of NATO's post-Cold War expansion.

World politics --- North Atlantic Treaty Organization --- Membership. --- Europe --- History --- Politics and government --- 1989. --- Allied Control Commission. --- Berlin Wall. --- Berlin wall. --- Berlin. --- Bush administration. --- Cold War. --- East German dissident movements. --- East Germany. --- European Community. --- European home. --- Four Powers. --- German states. --- German unification. --- Gorbachev. --- Hans-Dietrich Genscher. --- Helmut Kohl. --- James A. Baker III. --- Mikhail Gorbachev. --- NATO expansion. --- NATO reform. --- NATO. --- USSR. --- West German Basic Law. --- Western standards. --- architecture. --- blueprints. --- building permits. --- confederationism. --- domestic institutions. --- four-power control. --- heroic model. --- ideas. --- institutional-transfer model. --- international economic institutions. --- international institutions. --- international military institutions. --- models. --- multinationalism. --- new Europe. --- nondemocratic regimes. --- old order. --- post-Cold War Europe. --- post-Cold War. --- power. --- prefab model. --- prefabricated institutions. --- property pluralism. --- restoration model. --- revivalist model. --- socialism. --- state leaders. --- state sovereignty. --- transatlantic architecture.