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The air pollution problem inevitably accompanies our human activities. Severe air pollution situations have been reported, especially in emerging countries, and satisfying the air quality standards fully remains an underlying issue. Today, modeling research is one of the more valuable approaches to understanding the behavior of air pollutants, and is useful for regulation-, policy- and decision-making. Such modeling applications range, with regard to horizontal grid resolution, from a few km (local) to hundreds of km (regional), to thousands of km (global). To foster our current scientific knowledge on modeling potentialities and limitations, scientific research related to multi-scale air pollution modeling is collected in this book.

Urban pollution --- Street canyon --- Nitrate aerosol --- CFD --- Air quality --- open burning --- biomass burning --- sugarcane crops --- environmental assessment --- air quality modeling --- chemical reaction model --- urban canyon --- radiation --- mesoscale models --- reactive pollutants --- Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) --- East Asia --- Tokyo --- SO42– --- stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI) --- wildfire plume rise --- smoke modeling --- large eddy simulation --- emissions dispersion --- WRF-SFIRE --- RxCADRE --- RePLaT-Chaos --- large-scale atmospheric advection --- chaotic advection --- stretching rate --- escape rate --- education --- CMAQ --- PM10 --- atmospheric reanalysis --- PM2.5 --- PM2.5 components --- three-dimensional chemical transport model --- model inter-comparison --- urban scale --- secondary particles --- WRF-Chem --- visibility --- eastern China --- neural network algorithm --- IMPROVE --- n/a --- SO42 --- -stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI)

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This book contains original peer-reviewed articles written by some of the most prominent international physicists active in the field of hydrodynamics. The topic is entirely devoted to the study of the transitional regimes of incompressible viscous flow found at the onset of turbulent flows. Nine articles written for this 2020 Special Issue of the journal Entropy (MDPI) have been gathered at the crossroads of fluid mechanics, statistical physics, complexity theory, and applied mathematics. They include experimental, analytic, and computational material of an academic level that has not been published anywhere else.

subcritical phenomenon --- transition to turbulence --- direct numerical simulation --- spatio-temporal intermittency --- channel flow --- hibernating turbulence --- hot-film anemometry --- turbulence --- turbulent bands --- obliqueness --- advection speed --- wave generation --- inflectional instability --- transition to/from turbulence --- wall-bounded shear flow --- plane Poiseuille flow --- spatiotemporal intermittency --- directed percolation --- critical phenomena --- subcritical transition --- turbulence fraction --- moment --- unsteady shear flow --- turbulence intermittency --- helical instability --- puff dynamics --- phase transition --- Couette flow --- lifetimes --- n/a

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Throughout their life cycles—from production, usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, and air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment. We are living in a material world. Building materials, geosynthetics, wooden toys, soil, nanomaterials, composites, wastes and more are research subjects examined by the authors of this book. The interactions of materials with the environment are manifold. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental impact of these interactions. Some answers to how this task can be achieved are given in this Special Issue.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- environmental simulations --- polymer-based products --- artificial weathering --- degradation --- leaching --- soil contact --- carbon concrete composite --- irrigated construction elements --- environmental compatibility --- irrigated building materials --- environmental assessment --- evaluation concepts --- bio-based insulation --- earthen building materials --- volatile organic compounds --- semi-volatile organic compounds --- formaldehyde --- radon --- wooden toys --- emission test chamber --- flask method --- EN 717-3 --- microchamber --- Enchytraeids --- waterproof building materials --- ecotoxicology --- biotest --- geosynthetics --- geotextiles --- dynamic surface leaching test --- artificial ageing --- marine littering --- batch leaching test --- liquid-solid ratio --- column percolation test --- advection-dispersion model --- adsorption–desorption equilibrium --- clinoptilolite --- soil --- water --- CEC --- specific surface --- zeolitization --- hydrogen storage --- kinetics --- material life cycle assessment --- Eco-Indicator 99’ --- CML 2001 --- calcium phosphate --- calcium carbonate --- recycling --- environmental problems --- seashell --- leaching test --- equilibrium condition --- non-equilibrium condition --- modelling --- sorption kinetics --- non-linear sorption --- heterogeneity --- mineral recycling material --- compliance testing --- nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) --- engineered nanomaterial (ENM) --- sewage sludge incineration (SSI) --- ENM containing sewage sludge ash (SSA) --- column elution --- agricultural use --- n/a --- adsorption-desorption equilibrium --- Eco-Indicator 99'

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Coastal areas are remarkable regions with high spatiotemporal variability. A large population is affected by their physical and biological processes—resulting from effects on tourism to biodiversity and productivity. Coastal ecosystems perform several critical ecosystem services and functions, such as water oxygenation and nutrients provision, seafloor and beach stabilization (as sediment is controlled and trapped within the rhizomes of the seagrass meadows), carbon burial, as areas for nursery, and as refuge for several commercial and endemic species. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of marine habitats is prerequisite information for the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources. Remote sensing from UAVs to spaceborne sensors is offering a unique opportunity to measure, analyze, quantify, map, and explore the processes on the coastal areas at high temporal frequencies. This Special Issue on “Application of Remote Sensing in Coastal Areas” is specifically addresses those successful applications—from local to regional scale—in coastal environments related to ecosystem productivity, biodiversity, sea level rise.

satellite remote sensing --- Landsat --- coastline --- barrier island --- morphological change --- coastal ocean --- Photon-counting lidar --- MABEL --- land cover --- remote sensing --- signal photons --- ground settlement --- marine reclamation land --- time series InSAR --- Sentinel-1 --- Xiamen New Airport --- Pleiades --- photogrammetry --- LiDAR --- RTK-GPS --- beach topography --- cliff coastlines --- time-series analysis --- terrestrial laser scanner --- southern Baltic Sea --- non-parametric Bayesian network --- satellite-derived bathymetry --- hydrography --- CubeSats --- hypertemporal --- zones of confidence --- PlanetScope --- vegetation mapping --- dunes --- unmanned aerial system --- pixel-based classification --- object-based classification --- dune vegetation classification --- coastal monitoring --- multispectral satellite images --- multi-temporal NDVI --- pixels based supervised classification --- Random Forest --- harmonization --- shoreline mapping --- semi-global subpixel localization --- intensity integral error --- polarimetric SAR --- polarimetric decomposition --- ship detection --- Euclidean distance --- mutual information --- new feature --- Bohai sea ice --- sea ice extent --- OLCI imagery --- sea ice information index --- waterline extraction --- sub-pixel --- surface water mapping --- data cube --- contour extraction --- water extraction --- water indices --- thresholding --- Coastal process --- wind wake --- heat advection --- multi-sensor --- ASAR --- oceanic thermal response --- Hainan Island --- coastal remote sensing --- habitat mapping --- unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) --- unmanned aircraft system (UAS) --- drone --- object-based image analysis (OBIA) --- UAS data acquisition --- n/a

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This book presents collective works published in the recent Special Issue (SI) entitled "Aero/Hydrodynamics and Symmetry". These works address the existence of symmetry and its breakdown in aero-/hydro-dynamics and their related applications. The presented problems are complex nonlinear, non-Newtonian fluid flow problems that are (in some cases) coupled with heat transfer, phase change, nanofluidic, and magnetohydrodynamics phenomena. The applications vary and range from polymer chain transfer in micro-channel to the evaluation of vertical axis wind turbines, as well as autonomous underwater hovering vehicles. Recent advances in numerical, theoretical, and experimental methodologies, as well as finding new physics, new methodological developments, and their limitations are presented within the scope of the current book. Among others, in the presented works, special attention is paid to validation and improving the accuracy of the presented methodologies. This book brings together a collection of inter-/multi-disciplinary works applied to many engineering applications in a coherent manner.

Savonius vertical axis wind turbine --- horizontal overlap ratio --- vertical overlap ratio --- torque coefficient --- power coefficient --- Advection–diffusion --- fractional derivative --- concentrated source --- integral transform --- Burgers’ fluid --- velocity field --- shear stress --- Laplace transform --- modified Bessel function --- Stehfest’s algorithm --- MATHCAD --- electroosmotic flow --- power law fluid --- nanoparticles --- MHD --- entropy generation --- convergence analysis --- residual error --- autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) --- airborne-launched AUV --- autonomous underwater hovering vehicle (AUH) --- water entry impact force --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- two-phase flow --- Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) --- Autonomous Underwater Hovering Vehicle (AUH) --- hydrodynamic interaction --- response amplitude operator (RAO) --- wave effects --- symmetric flying wing --- plasma flow control --- energy --- stall --- dimensionless frequency --- particle image velocimetry --- SA–NaAlg fluid --- porosity --- fractional model --- Atangana–Baleanu derivative --- large eddy simulation --- subgrid scale model --- diffuser --- dynamic one equation model --- Vreman model --- separation --- heat conduction --- non-fourier --- solution structure theorems --- superposition approach --- Buongiorno model --- unsteady flow --- nanoliquid --- special third-grade liquid --- non-linear thermal radiation --- magneto hydro-dynamics (MHD) --- dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) --- Hartmann number (Ha-value) --- harmony bond coefficient or spring constant (K)