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Wildlife trafficking. --- Wild animal trade --- Wildlife smuggling. --- Law and legislation. --- Illegal wildlife trade --- Trafficking in wildlife --- Wild plant trade --- Wildlife crimes --- Wild animal smuggling --- Wild plant smuggling --- Smuggling --- Trade regulation

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Sarah Easterby-Smith rewrites the histories of botany and horticulture from the perspectives of plant merchants who sold botanical specimens in the decades around 1800. These merchants were not professional botanists, nor were they the social equals of refined amateurs of botany. Nevertheless, they participated in Enlightenment scholarly networks, acting as intermediaries who communicated information and specimens. Thanks to their practical expertise, they also became sources of new knowledge in their own right. Cultivating Commerce argues that these merchants made essential contributions to botanical history, although their relatively humble status means that their contributions have received little sustained attention to date. Exploring how the expert nurseryman emerged as a new social figure in Britain and France, and examining what happened to the elitist, masculine culture of amateur botany when confronted by expanding public participation, Easterby-Smith sheds fresh light on the evolution of transnational Enlightenment networks during the Age of Revolutions.

Botany --- Botany, Economic --- Wild plant trade --- History --- History. --- Wild-collected plant trade --- Wildlife trade --- International trade --- Native plant industry --- Wildlife utilization --- Agricultural botany --- Botany, Agricultural --- Economic botany --- Agriculture --- Biology, Economic --- Human-plant relationships --- Plants, Useful --- Botanical science --- Floristic botany --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants

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In this book the author examines the illegal wildlife trade from multiple perspectives: the historical context, the impact on the environment, the scope of the problem internationally, the sociocultural demand for illegal products, the legal efforts to combat it, and several case studies from inside the trade. The illegal wildlife trade has become a global criminal enterprise, following in the footsteps of drugs and weapons. Beyond the environmental impact, financial profits from the illegal wildlife trade often fund organized crime groups and violent gangs that threaten public safety and security in myriad ways. This innovative volume covers several key questions surrounding the wildlife trade: why is there a demand for illegal wildlife products, which actors are involved in the trade, how is the business organized, and what are the harmful consequences. The author performed ethnographic fieldwork in three key markets: Russia, Morocco, and China, and has constructed a detailed picture of how the wildlife trade operates in these areas. Conversations with informants directly involved in the illegal business ensure unique insights into this lively black market. In the course of his journey the author follows the route of the illegal wildlife trade from poor poaching areas to rich business districts where corrupt officials, legally registered companies, wildlife farms and sophisticated criminal organizations all have a share. A fascinating look inside the world of poachers, smugglers and traders.

Environmental law. --- Environmental policy. --- Criminology and Criminal Justice. --- Criminology and Criminal Justice, general. --- Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice. --- Wildlife crimes. --- Wild animal trade --- Poaching. --- Wildlife smuggling. --- Corrupt practices. --- Law and legislation. --- Wild animal smuggling --- Wild plant smuggling --- Wildlife trade --- Crimes against nature (Wildlife crimes) --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Environment law --- Environmental policy --- Law --- Sustainable development --- Government policy --- Law and legislation --- Smuggling --- Wildlife crimes --- Hunting --- Offenses against property --- Trade regulation --- Animal industry --- International trade --- Wildlife utilization --- Animal dealers --- Crime --- Criminology. --- Social sciences --- Criminals --- Study and teaching

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Human trafficking and smuggling of migrants: Four of the 12 illicit flows reviewed in this report involve human beings. The first two concern movement between the countries of the region, one for general labour and one for sexual exploitation. The third concerns the smuggling of migrants from the region to the rich countries of the West, and the last focuses on migrants smuggled through the region from the poor and conflicted countries of South and Southwest Asia. Drug trafficking: The production and use of opiates has a long history in the region, but the main opiate problem in the 21st century involves the more refined form of the drug: heroin. In addition, methamphetamine has been a threat in parts of East Asia for decades (in the form of yaba tablets), but crystal methamphetamine has recently grown greatly in popularity. Virtually every country in the region has some crystal methamphetamine users, and some populations consume at very high levels.Resources: Resource-related crimes include those related to both extractive industries, such as the illegal harvesting of wildlife and timber, and other crimes that have a negative impact on the environment, such as the dumping of e-waste and the trade in ozone-depleting substances. In all cases, the threat goes beyond borders, jeopardizing the global environmental heritage. These are therefore crimes of inherent international significance, though they are frequently dealt with lightly under local legislation.Counterfeit goods: The trade in counterfeit goods is often perceived as a "soft" form of crime, but can have dangerous consequences for public health and safety. Fraudulent medicines in particular pose a threat to public health, and their use can foster the growth of treatment resistant pathogens.

Transnational crime --- Organized crime --- Human trafficking --- Drug traffic --- Wild animal trade --- Wildlife trade --- Animal industry --- International trade --- Wildlife utilization --- Animal dealers --- Crime syndicates --- Organised crime --- Crime --- Multinational crime --- Transborder crime --- Drug dealing --- Drug production, Illicit --- Drug smuggling --- Drug trade, Illicit --- Drug trafficking --- Drugs --- Illicit drug production --- Illicit drug trade --- Narcotic trade --- Narcotic traffic --- Narcotic trafficking --- Smuggling of drugs --- Smuggling of narcotics --- Traffic, Drug --- Trafficking in drugs --- Trafficking in narcotics --- Drug abuse and crime --- Narco-terrorism --- Forced prostitution (Human trafficking) --- People trafficking --- Sex trafficking --- Traffic in persons --- Trafficking in human beings --- Trafficking in persons --- White slave traffic --- White slavery --- Sex crimes --- Prices and sale --- E-books --- White slave traffic (Human trafficking) --- White slavery (Human trafficking) --- Offenses against the person

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Terrorism --- Behavioral assessment --- Psychology --- Violence --- Research --- Behavioral Sciences --- Science --- Crime --- Social Problems --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Criminology --- Sociology --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Social Sciences --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Behavioral Research --- Social Welfare & Social Work --- Criminology, Penology & Juvenile Delinquency --- Prevention --- Methodology --- Radioactive Terrorism --- Terrorism, Radioactive --- Research, Behavioral --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- General Social Development and Population --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Problem, Social --- Problems, Social --- Social Problem --- Kidnapping --- Crimes --- Kidnappings --- Criminal Behavior --- Sciences --- Proxemics --- Behavioral Science --- Proxemic --- Science, Behavioral --- Sciences, Behavioral --- Laboratory Research --- Research Activities --- Research and Development --- Research Priorities --- Activities, Research --- Activity, Research --- Development and Research --- Priorities, Research --- Priority, Research --- Research Activity --- Research Priority --- Research, Laboratory --- Ethics, Research --- Assaultive Behavior --- Atrocities --- Behavior, Assaultive --- Biological Warfare --- Riots --- Warfare --- Crime Victims --- Behavioral sciences --- Mental philosophy --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- Human biology --- Philosophy --- Soul --- Mental health --- Assessment of behavior --- Behavior assessment --- Behavioral analysis --- Behavioral evaluation --- Psychodiagnostics --- Anti-terrorism --- Antiterrorism --- Counter-terrorism --- Counterterrorism --- Labor Exploitation --- Social Exploitation --- Exploitation, Labor --- Exploitation, Social --- Exploitations, Labor --- Poaching --- Structural Violence --- Violence, Structural --- Wildlife Trade --- Interpersonal Violence --- Violent Crime --- Crime, Violent --- Interpersonal Violences --- Violence, Interpersonal --- Violences, Interpersonal --- Violent Crimes --- Occupations --- Vocations --- Occupation --- Vocation --- Occupational Groups --- Factors, Psychological --- Psychological Factors --- Psychological Side Effects --- Psychologists --- Psychosocial Factors --- Side Effects, Psychological --- Factor, Psychological --- Factor, Psychosocial --- Factors, Psychosocial --- Psychological Factor --- Psychological Side Effect --- Psychologist --- Psychosocial Factor --- Side Effect, Psychological