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This book is a comprehensive technical treatise on binoculars as visual optical instruments. The author begins by discussing the function of binoculars and the properties of human visual perception. Theoretical models for the synthesis of binoculars and the complex interplay of the different components of binoculars are described. Subsequently, the performance limits, as experienced by the observer in a variety of external conditions, are derived. In the concluding section, the book takes the reader outdoors, where they learn to evaluate the properties and limitations of their binoculars in the field, and to recognize possible problems that may be due to manufacturing errors or accidental damages. Thus, a level of knowledge is provided that will enable the reader to fully exploit the capacities of their binoculars. This book is written for those who work professionally with binoculars and are technically interested, but it is equally useful for professional staff working in the optical industry and the distribution of optical instruments. It includes recent discoveries and is easily accessible to anyone who is seriously interested in learning about binocular function. High school level math is useful to understand the derivations, but not needed to comprehend the results, which are discussed and displayed graphically.

Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Astronomy --- Optics. --- Optical materials. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Applied Optics. --- Optical Materials. --- Observations. --- Binoculars.

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This book highlights the physics, research advances, and applications of integrated optical supercontinuum generation (SCG). The authors provide a roadmap of SCG in various nonlinear media and its historical perspective. The commonly used materials of integrated platforms are discussed, which could provide the references for platform choices in various nonlinear applications. The book introduces the fundamental light-guiding mechanisms, explains the typical dispersion engineering approaches, and summarizes various types of integrated waveguides. The authors present an overview of the physical mechanisms and fundamental equations involved in the SCG. They conduct an in-depth discussion on different types of nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) to adapt to various circumstances. Through these equations, readers can numerically model the SCG processes. In particular, the book reviews recent representative SCG reports in the integrated waveguides. Moreover, because of the close relationship between the frequency combs and SC, the book discusses some basic concepts of a frequency comb. Finally, the authors raise future prospects on SCG in the integrated waveguides. The book is a comprehensive reference for graduate students and researchers interested in the subject and a handy manual for professionals engaged in related work.

Optics. --- Nonlinear Optics. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Optical materials. --- Optics and Photonics. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Optical Materials.

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This book concerns the theory of optimal transport (OT) and its applications to solving problems in geometric optics. It is a self-contained presentation including a detailed analysis of the Monge problem, the Monge-Kantorovich problem, the transshipment problem, and the network flow problem. A chapter on Monge-Ampère measures is included containing also exercises. A detailed analysis of the Wasserstein metric is also carried out. For the applications to optics, the book describes the necessary background concerning light refraction, solving both far-field and near-field refraction problems, and indicates lines of current research in this area. Researchers in the fields of mathematical analysis, optimal transport, partial differential equations (PDEs), optimization, and optics will find this book valuable. It is also suitable for graduate students studying mathematics, physics, and engineering. The prerequisites for this book include a solid understanding of measure theory and integration, as well as basic knowledge of functional analysis.

Mathematical optimization. --- Operations research. --- Management science. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Differential equations. --- Optimization. --- Operations Research, Management Science . --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Differential Equations. --- Optimització matemàtica

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This book looks at the application of cascaded interferometers in both theoretical and practical contexts, particularly focusing on enhancing image contrast and facilitating medical diagnostics. Commencing with a comprehensive exploration of modulated two-beam interference employing Fourier optics, it progresses to discuss the implementation of a cascaded Michelson interferometer, with a specialized emphasis on its utility in analyzing microscopic structures such as glass fibers. Subsequent chapters examine step-index fibers using multiple laser beam interferometry and introduce sophisticated models for interpreting fringe shifts in unclad glass fibers through ordinary multiple-beam interference. Moreover, the book addresses the recognition of modulated apertures employing a Cascaded Fabry-Perot Interferometer (CFPI) and discusses its implications for various applications. It looks at the processing of retinal artery images leveraging higher orders of two-beam interference and investigates the utility of cascaded interferometric techniques in examining kidney and colon images. Furthermore, it presents a novel approach to image processing of coronaviruses utilizing interferometry techniques, showcasing the potential of interferometric methods in medical research and diagnostics. Through its systematic exploration of cascaded interferometers and their diverse applications, this book is suited for researchers, practitioners, and students alike, offering insights into both fundamental principles and advanced methodologies in interferometry and medical imaging.

Microscopy. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Image processing. --- Imaging systems in biology. --- Materials --- Imaging systems. --- Optical Microscopy. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Image Processing. --- Biological Imaging. --- Imaging Techniques. --- Analysis.

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This book deals concisely and coherently with various issues related to electroacoustic waves in piezoelectric layered composites. Starting with the basic linear equations and relations of electromagnet elasticity of homogeneous anisotropic piezoelectric media, the book considers the conditions for possible field or partial conjugation of physical and mechanical fields at the junction of two homogeneous media with geometrically homogeneous surfaces. The variety of electromechanical boundary conditions and the separation of plane and anti-plane fields of elastic deformation in homogeneous piezoelectric crystals are discussed. Then, the statements of the electroacoustic problem in piezo textures are studied and a layered piecewise-homogeneous piezoelectric waveguide is introduced, with non-acoustic contact between different piezoelectric layers. Non-acoustic contact between different piezoelectric layers can lead to the propagation of a hybrid of electroactive waves of plane and anti-plane elastic deformations. In the last part of the book, the problem of controlling electroacoustic waves in a waveguide is formulated. A method for solving problems of control of electroacoustic waves by non-contact surface action is proposed. .

Continuum mechanics. --- Electronics—Materials. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Acoustics. --- Continuum Mechanics. --- Electronic Materials. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Light, Wave theory of --- Optics --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Wave-particle duality --- Optics, Geometrical --- Mechanics of continua --- Elasticity --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Field theory (Physics)