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Cyanobacteria are a group of ubiquitous photosynthetic prokaryotes. Their occurrence has been increasing worldwide, due to anthropogenic activities and climate change. Several cyanobacterial species are able to synthesize a high number of bioactive molecules, among them, cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, nodularin, etc.), which are considered a health concern. For risk assessment of cyanotoxins, more scientific knowledge is required to perform adequate hazard characterization, exposure evaluation and, finally, risk characterization of these toxins. This Special Issue “Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: New Advances and Future Challenges” presents new research or review articles related to different aspects of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, and contributes to providing new toxicological data and methods for a more realistic risk assessment.

method validation --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- arctic --- Cylindrospermopsin --- Microcystin-LR --- 16S rRNA gene --- astaxanthin --- secondary metabolites --- shotgun metagenomic sequencing --- time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay --- Histopathological evaluation --- cyanobacterial thresholds --- akinetes --- nutrient enrichment --- benthic mats --- cylindrospermopsin --- drinking water treatment plant --- blue-green algae supplements --- lettuce --- genotoxicity --- exposure --- bacterial community --- PCR --- microcystin-LR --- marine natural compounds --- ELISA --- [d-Leu1]Microcystin-LR --- Paracentrotus lividus --- tadpoles --- apoptosis --- 16S rRNA gene sequencing --- PSP toxins --- marine cyanobacteria --- hemolytic essay --- energy budget --- bioassays --- anatoxin-a --- Lithobates catesbeianus --- mixture --- reproductive toxicity --- cyanobacteria --- taste-and-odor compounds --- Procambarus clarkii --- drinking water --- saxitoxin --- resveratrol --- harmful algal blooms --- cytotoxicity --- phylogenetic analyses --- Yangtze estuary --- microcystin --- mutagenicity --- detection --- Artemia salina --- water source --- cyanotoxins --- microcystins --- in vitro --- marine sponges --- microcystin-LR (MC-LR) --- UPLC-MS/MS --- reservoir --- microbial metabolisms --- Aphanizomenon flos-aquae --- monoclonal antibody --- oxidative stress --- Nostocales

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Riverbank filtration (RBF) schemes for the production of drinking water are increasingly challenged by new constituents of concern, such as organic micropollutants and pathogens in the source water and hydrological flow variations due to weather extremes. RBF and new technology components are integrated and monitoring and operating regimes are adopted to further optimize water treatment in bank filtration schemes for these new requirements. This Special Issue presents results from the EU project AquaNES “Demonstrating synergies in combined natural and engineered processes for water treatment systems” (www.aquanes.eu). Additionally, papers from other research groups cover the efficiency of bank filtration and post-treatment, advantages and limitations of combining natural and engineered processes, parameter-specific assessment of removal rates during bank filtration, and the design and operation of RBF wells. The feasibility, design, and operation of RBF schemes under specific site conditions are highlighted for sites in the US, India, and South Korea

floods --- environmental monitoring --- river bank filtration --- heavy metals --- riverside water source --- entrance velocity --- ultrafiltration --- online monitoring --- drinking water treatment --- water treatment --- system costs --- optimization --- biofilm --- fluorescence excitation-emission matrix --- riverbed --- inorganic chemicals --- well structure remodeling --- riverbank filtration (RBF) --- sub-oxic conditions --- electro-chlorination --- energy generation --- pressure loss --- bank filtrate portion --- removal efficacy --- bank filtrate --- manganese --- out/in membrane comparison --- pharmaceutical residues --- analytical method --- hydrochemistry --- subsurface geology --- dissolved organic matter --- column experiments --- storage tank --- groundwater --- organic matter composition --- water supply --- rural water supply --- collector wells --- mirror-image method --- southern India --- gabapentin --- microorganisms --- site investigation --- small communities --- decentralized capillary nanofiltration --- PHREEQC --- renewable energy --- droughts --- hydrological trends --- bank filtration --- filter cake --- sulphate --- point-bar alluvial setting --- inline electrolysis --- energy efficiency --- Ganga --- climate change --- turbine --- Nakdong River --- organic matter degradation --- oxypurinol --- slow sand filtration --- suboxic --- PARAFAC-EEM --- Krishna River --- water quality --- smart villages --- micropollutants --- anoxic --- dissolved organic carbon (DOC) --- attenuation --- organic micropollutants --- disinfection --- surface water treatment --- nitrate --- drinking water hydropower --- pesticides --- disinfection by-products --- Damodar --- pathogen barrier --- organic carbon --- salinity --- sustainable water production --- clogging --- Yamuna --- LC-OCD --- redox sensitivity --- pharmaceuticals --- high temperature --- performance --- riverbank filtration --- trihalomethanes --- iron

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This Book includes selected papers that has been published in the Water journal Special Issue (SI) on Water Supply and Water Scarcity. Moreover, an overview of the SI is included. The papers selected for publication in the SI include review and research papers on water history, on water management issues under water scarcity regimes, on rainwater harvesting, on water quality and degradation, and on climatic variability impacts on water resources. Overall, the issue identify and highlight the main challenges in water sector, and particularly in management and protection of water resources and in use of alternative (non-conventional) water resources, especially in areas with demographic change and climate vulnerability in order to achieve sustainable and secure water supply. Furthermore, general guidelines and possible solutions for an improved and sophisticated water management system are proposed and discussed, such as the adoption of advanced technological solutions and practices that improve water-use efficiency and the use of alternative water resources, to address the growing environmental and health issues and to reduce the emerging conflicts among water users.

drought --- early warning --- water scarcity --- water supply --- routine monitoring --- hydrologic modeling --- remote sensing --- GIS --- alternative water source --- rainwater harvesting --- arid and semi-arid areas --- hydraulics --- dividing flow manifold --- showerheads --- sprays --- dissolved oxygen --- climate change --- water budget --- general circulation model --- modeling --- stream flow changes --- soil water --- RCP --- Aculeo Lagoon --- Chile --- water demands --- water management --- rainwater harvesting system --- multi-storey residential building --- end-uses --- economic feasibility --- satisfaction survey --- ecological water demand --- reservoir ecological operation --- MIKE 11 model --- PHABSIM model --- watershed management --- water quality --- conventional farming --- organic farming --- nitrate --- residual sodium carbonate --- sodium adsorption ratio --- total dissolved solids --- irrigation practices --- Aztecs --- bronze age --- Byzantine times --- Chinese dynasties --- Egyptians --- Harappans --- Hellenic civilizations --- Incas --- medieval times --- Mayas --- Mesopotamia --- Minoans --- modern times --- Ottoman times --- Romans --- n/a --- water resources management --- water reuse --- climate variability --- circular economy --- sustainability --- long-term --- regional water supply planning --- alternative water supply --- projects --- expenditures --- investments --- conservation --- intermittent water supply --- pressure monitoring --- unreliable water supply --- pipe breaks --- water distribution system --- water system operation --- water scarcity regime --- water use efficiency --- rain harvesting --- desalination

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In the last century, innovations in agricultural technologies centered on maximizing food production to feed the growing population have contributed to significant changes in agroecosystem processes, including carbon, nutrients, and water cycling. There are growing concerns regarding soil fertility depletion, soil carbon loss, greenhouse gas emissions, irrigational water scarcity, and water pollution, affecting soil health, agricultural productivity, systems sustainability, and environmental quality. Soils provide the foundation for food production, soil water and nutrient cycling, and soil biological activities. Therefore, an improved understanding of biochemical pathways of soil organic matter and nutrient cycling, microbial community involved in regulating soil health, and soil processes associated with water flow and retention in soil profile helps design better agricultural systems and ultimately support plant growth and productivity. This book, Agroecological Approaches in Soil and Water Management, presents a collection of original research and review papers studying physical, chemical, and biological processes in soils and discusses multiple ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, nutrients and water cycling, greenhouse gas emissions, and agro-environmental sustainability. We covered tillage, nutrients, irrigation, amendments, crop rotations, crop residue management practices for improving soil health, soil C and nutrient cycling, greenhouse gas emissions, soil water dynamics, and hydrological processes.

Research. --- Biology. --- Technology. --- Engineering. --- Agriculture. --- land use change --- tillage --- fertilization --- N2O fluxes --- subtropical region --- paddy field --- soil organic carbon --- denitrification decomposition (DNDC) --- climate change --- biochar --- food security --- socio-economics benefits --- sustainable agriculture --- sustainable environment --- evaluation of soil and water conservation --- simulated rainfall events --- soil denudation --- water and sediment process --- nitrogen --- nitrate leaching --- nitrous oxide --- soil resilience --- soil microbiome --- regenerative agriculture --- ecological ditch --- agroforestry --- conservation agriculture --- Europe --- North Africa --- nutrient retention --- organic agriculture --- soil conservation --- water conservation --- sodium adsorption ratio --- relative feed value, forage nutritive value --- oat --- alfalfa --- forage crops --- alternative water source --- agriculture landscape --- chlorophyll content of citrus --- landscape position --- soil properties --- terraces --- soil health indicators --- grazing systems --- permanganate oxidizable carbon --- soil microbial biomass --- carbon --- isotopic signature --- Mustang --- natural abundance --- nutrient sourcing --- maize equivalent yield --- nutrient loss --- runoff --- soil loss --- slope --- strip-intercropping --- water use efficiency --- structure optimization --- carbon footprint --- multi-objective linear programming --- circular agriculture --- hydrogel --- soil quality --- chemico-physical properties --- sustainability --- macronutrient --- nutrient deficiency --- nutrient uptake --- site-specific nutrient management --- soil organic matter --- soil biodiversity --- bacteria --- fungi --- microarthropods --- diatoms --- metataxonomic assays