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Forecasting volcanic eruptions and their potential impacts are primary goals in Natural Hazards research. Active volcanoes are nowadays monitored by different ground and space-based instruments providing a wealth of seismic, geodetic, and chemical data for academic volcanologists and monitoring agencies. We have better insights into volcanic systems thanks to steady improvements in research tools and data processing techniques. The integration of these data into physics-based models allows us for example to constrain magma migration at depth and to derive the pressure evolution inside volcanic conduits and reservoirs, which ultimately help monitor evolving volcanic hazard. Yet, it remains challenging to answer the most crucial questions when the threat of an eruption looms over us: When will it occur? What will be its style? Will it switch during its course? How long will the eruption last? And most importantly: will we have enough time to alert and evacuate population? Addressing these questions is crucial to reduce the social and economic impact of volcanic eruptions, both at the local and global scales. For example, the 2014 eruption at Ontake (Japan) had only limited spatial impact but killed dozens of hikers; in contrast, the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption (Iceland) did not cause any human loss but paralyzed the European air space for weeks. Several limitations arise when approaching these questions. For example, short-term eruption forecasts and models that relate changes in monitoring parameters to the probability, timing, and nature of future activity are particularly uncertain. More reliable and useful quantitative forecasting requires the development of optimized and integrated monitoring networks, standardized approaches and nomenclature, and a new range of statistical methods and models that better capture the complexity of volcanic processes and system dynamics.
volcanology --- monitoring --- forecasting --- earth science --- volcano
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Jedním z nejprobádanějších a nejčastěji citovaných problémů egejské doby bronzové je otázka absolutní datace výbuchu santorinské sopky, potažmo celé pozdní doby bronzové ve velmi širokém regionu od Egypta přes Přední východ po střední Evropu. Názory a výsledky přírodních věd a tradiční archeologie se neshodují a jejich argumentace umísťují událost od poloviny 17. století až po konec 16. století před Kr., výjimečně i později. Práce analyzuje jednotlivé argumenty i metodologické přístupy a snaží se odpovědět na otázku neshody jednotlivých přístupů. Tzv. mínojská erupce (nebo santorinská katastrofa) ovlivnila nejenom životy lidí ve velmi širokém regionu, ale také globální klima. Jedná se tedy o klíčovou událost pozdní doby bronzové. Její přesné datování umožní synchronizaci regionálních chronologických systémů mediteránních a evropských regionů a tvorbu přesného časového rámce, který je nutností pro další řešení kauzálních otázek historie doby bronzové.
Santorini Volcano (Greece) --- Santorin Volcano (Greece) --- History. --- Eruptions. --- Společenské vědy, historie.
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Volcanic activity prediction. --- Volcanic activity monitoring --- Volcanic eruption prediction --- Volcanic eruptions --- Volcano prediction --- Volcano surveillance --- Volcanoes --- Geophysical prediction --- Forecasting --- Saint Helens, Mount (Wash.) --- Eruption, 1980.
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
Paroxysmal explosive activity --- Eruption dynamics and parameters --- Volcano deformation and strain --- Volcano degassing --- thermal remote sensing --- doppler radar --- Lava fountains --- Volcanic aerosol --- satellite remote sensing --- HAZARD ASSESSMENT
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On February 19, 1945, the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions stormed ashore from a naval support force. Among them was green young lieutenant Pat Caruso who became de facto company commander when the five officers ranking him were killed or wounded. He led his rapidly diminishing force steadily forward for the next few days, when a day's gains were measured in yards. Caruso was eventually wounded himself and was evacuated. Realizing that the heroism of his comrades would be lost by the decimation of his unit, Caruso latched onto any paper he could find and filled every blank space with his memo
Iwo Jima, Battle of, Japan, 1945 --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Regimental histories --- Caruso, Patrick F., --- United States. --- History. --- Officers --- Iwo Jima (Volcano Islands, Japan) --- History, Military
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Terrestrial fluids, earthquakes and volcanoes: The Hiroshi Wakita volume III is a special publication to honor Professor Hiroshi Wakita for his scientific contribution to science, which has been closely linked with one of the major objectives of this 2008 International Year for the Earth Planet. Reducing natural risks in active tectonic and volcanic environments by searching and detecting early warning hydrological and geochemical signatures related to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions has been a major life research goal for Hiroshi Wakita. This third special issue of Pure and Applied Geophysics consists of 9 original papers written by researchers from Taiwan, Italy, Turkey, Iceland, USA, Sweden, India and Spain dealing with various aspects of the role of terrestrial fluids in earthquake and volcanic processes. It also includes a list of Hiroshi Wakita’s scientific publications. This volume III will be useful to students and professional researchers who are interested in the role of terrestrial fluids in earthquakes and volcanic activity.
Earthquake prediction. --- Volcanic activity prediction. --- Hydrology. --- Geochemistry. --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Aquatic sciences --- Hydrography --- Water --- Volcanic activity monitoring --- Volcanic eruption prediction --- Volcanic eruptions --- Volcano prediction --- Volcano surveillance --- Volcanoes --- Geophysical prediction --- Earthquakes --- Prediction, Earthquake --- Forecasting --- Prediction --- Geography. --- Earth Sciences, general. --- Cosmography --- World history --- Earth sciences. --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences
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Volcanic hazard analysis - United States. --- Volcanic hazard analysis --- Dynamic & Structural Geology --- Geology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Volcano Hazards Program (U.S.) --- Evaluation. --- Hazard analysis, Volcanic --- Volcanic eruption hazard analysis --- Volcanic hazard assessment --- Volcanoes --- Hazard analysis --- Geological Survey (U.S.). --- USGS Volcano Hazards Program --- Volcanic activity prediction
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This impressive scientific resource presents up-to-date information on ten thousand years of volcanic activity on Earth. In the decade and a half since the previous edition was published new studies have refined assessments of the ages of many volcanoes, and several thousand new eruptions have been documented. This edition updates the book's key components: a directory of volcanoes active during the Holocene; a chronology of eruptions over the past ten thousand years; a gazetteer of volcano names, synonyms, and subsidiary features; an extensive list of references; and an introduction placing these data in context. This edition also includes new photographs, data on the most common rock types forming each volcano, information on population densities near volcanoes, and other features, making it the most comprehensive source available on Earth's dynamic volcanism.
Volcanoes. --- Volcanos --- Landforms --- Volcanology --- Volcanism. --- Volcanicity --- Vulcanism --- Geodynamics --- chronology. --- dynamic volcanism. --- earth sciences. --- earth. --- episodicity. --- eruption data. --- eruptions. --- eruptive characteristics. --- geology. --- holocene. --- igneous rocks. --- natural disasters. --- nonfiction. --- periodicity. --- pleistocene eruptions. --- pleistocene volcanoes. --- pompei. --- rock types. --- science. --- volcanic activity. --- volcanic explosivity index. --- volcanic processes. --- volcanism. --- volcano hazards. --- volcano names. --- volcanoes of the world. --- volcanoes.
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Volcanic eruptions. --- Volcanic activity prediction. --- Volcanoes --- Volcanic ash, tuff, etc. --- Pyroclastics --- Rocks, Volcanic --- Tephra --- Tuff --- Volcanic ejecta --- Volcanic rocks --- Igneous rocks --- Andosols --- Volcanos --- Landforms --- Volcanology --- Volcanic activity monitoring --- Volcanic eruption prediction --- Volcanic eruptions --- Volcano prediction --- Volcano surveillance --- Geophysical prediction --- Eruptions, Volcanic --- Natural disasters --- Volcanism --- Environmental aspects. --- Forecasting --- Eruptions
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Encapsulating over one hundred years of research developments, this book is a comprehensive manual for measurements of Earth surface temperatures and heat fluxes, enabling better detection and measurement of volcanic activity. With a particular focus on volcanic hot spots, the book explores methodologies and principles used with satellite-, radiometer- and thermal-camera data. It presents traditional applications using satellite and ground based sensors as well as modern applications that have evolved for use with hand-held thermal cameras and is fully illustrated with case studies, databases and worked examples. Chapter topics include techniques for thermal mixture modelling and heat flux derivation, and methods for data collection, mapping and time-series generation. Appendices and online supplements present additional specific notes on areas of sensor application and data processing, supported by an extensive reference list. This book is an invaluable resource for academic researchers and graduate students in thermal remote sensing, volcanology, geophysics and planetary studies.
Volcanic ash, tuff, etc. --- Volcanological research. --- Terrestrial radiation --- Volcanic activity prediction. --- Volcanic activity monitoring --- Volcanic eruption prediction --- Volcanic eruptions --- Volcano prediction --- Volcano surveillance --- Volcanoes --- Geophysical prediction --- Earth radiation --- Eradiation --- Radiation, Terrestrial --- Infrared radiation --- Volcanology --- Research --- Pyroclastics --- Rocks, Volcanic --- Tephra --- Tuff --- Volcanic ejecta --- Volcanic rocks --- Igneous rocks --- Andosols --- Temperature --- Remote sensing. --- Measurement. --- Forecasting
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