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Identification and development of cancer biomarkers and targets have greatly accelerated progress towards precision medicine in oncology. Studies of tumor biology have not only provided insights into the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis, but also led to discovery of molecules that have been developed into cancer biomarkers and targets. Multi-platforms for molecular characterization of tumors using next-generation genomic sequencing, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and blood-based biopsies have greatly expanded the portfolio of potential biomarkers and targets. These cancer biomarkers have been developed for diagnosis, early detection, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response. The molecular targets have been exploited for anti-cancer therapy and delivery of therapeutic agents. This Special Issue of Biomedicines focuses on recent advances in the discovery, characterization, translation, and clinical application of cancer biomarkers and targets in malignant diseases of the digestive system. The goal is to stimulate basic and translational research and clinical collaboration in this exciting field with the hope of developing strategies for prevention and early detection/diagnosis of cancer in digestive organs, and improving therapeutic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with these malignant diseases.

n/a --- liver graft injury --- HFE --- neurokinin --- chemotherapy --- intestinal tumors --- therapeutic targets --- biliary tract carcinoma --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- clinical trial --- cell adhesion molecules --- colorectal cancer --- biomarkers --- phenotypic mosaics --- gastrointestinal oncology --- Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) --- biomarker --- psychosocial support --- precision therapy --- pancreatic carcinoma --- precision medicine --- Liver transplantation --- predictive biomarkers --- CD274 --- cholecystokinin --- The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) --- gastrin --- pembrolizumab --- immunotherapy --- gastrin-releasing peptide --- stereotactic body radiation therapy --- immunohistochemistry --- gastric carcinoma --- liver transplant --- CAM invasion assay --- intragraft gene expression profiles --- molecular profiling --- targeted therapy --- neurotensin --- intestinal disorder --- ramucirumab --- next-generation sequencing --- colorectal carcinoma --- tumor progenitor --- circulating tumor cells --- gastrointestinal malignancies --- bombesin --- trastuzumab --- somatostatin --- zebrafish --- G protein–coupled receptors --- G protein-coupled receptors

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Treatment strategies for breast cancer are wide-ranging and often based on a multi-modality approach, depending on the stage and biology of the tumour and the acceptance and tolerance of the patient. They may include surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy (endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy). Advances in technologies such as oncoplastic surgery, radiation planning and delivery, and genomics, and the development of novel systemic therapy agents alongside their evaluation in ongoing clinical trials continue to strive for improvements in outcomes. In this Special Issue, we publish a collection of studies looking at all forms of therapeutic strategies for early and advanced breast cancer, focusing on their outcomes, notably survival.

relative survival --- young women --- cancer treatment --- n/a --- fulvestrant --- lapatinib --- tumor biology --- antihormone therapy --- mastectomy --- aromatase inhibitors --- chemotherapy --- serum biomarker --- cyclin E --- anthracycline resistance --- zero-inflated Poisson regression model --- lymph-node ratio --- CHEK2 --- comparative effectiveness --- breast-conserving therapy --- taxane sensitivity --- liquid biopsy --- HER2 c-erbB2 --- colorectal cancer --- infiltrating breast cancer --- survival --- exercise characteristics --- lactate dehydrogenase --- biomarker --- breast cancer survivors --- BRCA --- disease-free survival --- PIK3CA --- metastatic breast cancer --- cell-free DNA --- invasive breast cancer --- radiotherapy --- Metformin --- social well-being --- gene expression --- contralateral breast cancer --- basal-like breast cancer --- LMK-235 --- Src kinase --- HER2/neu --- LKB1 --- Older women --- LDH --- mutation carriers --- stage IV --- mammography screening --- NCDB --- cMet --- SEER --- pertuzumab --- physical function --- outcome --- ribociclib --- older patients --- geriatric oncology --- metastatic --- overdiagnosis --- next-generation sequencing --- abemaciclib --- Endocrine therapy --- monitoring metastatic breast cancer --- breast cancer --- circulating tumor cells --- Breast Cancer --- PALB2 --- histone deacetylase --- prognosis --- physical activity --- trastuzumab --- ductal carcinoma in situ --- contralateral prophylactic mastectomy --- ERCC1 --- family history --- T-DM1 --- ATM --- advanced breast cancer --- incidence --- palbociclib --- HDAC5 inhibitors --- APOBEC3B

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This book includes some recent works providing the readers with novel relevant findings about the main signaling pathways that govern the molecular pathogenesis of some of the highest prevalent human tumors, which are the basis for developing alternative therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.

actin cytoskeletal reorganization --- breast cancer --- CD99 agonist --- EGFR dimerization --- endocytosis --- FAK dephosphorylation --- PTPN12 --- Rac1 --- RhoA --- tripeptide --- OMD --- PRELP --- tumor suppression gene --- bladder cancer initiation --- tight junction --- partial EMT --- tousled-like kinase (TLK) --- NIMA-related kinase 1 (NEK1) --- yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) --- thioridazine (THD) --- MS-determined phosphopeptides --- human immunodeficiency virus type 1 --- epithelial cells --- carcinogenicity --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- gp120 --- Tat --- Nef --- matrix protein p17 --- reverse transcriptase --- mitochondria --- metastasis --- OXPHOS --- cancer --- Warburg effect --- cancer therapeutics --- myeloproliferative neoplasms --- signaling pathways --- JAK2 --- CALR --- MPL --- TPOR --- DUSP1 --- MAPK --- Snail --- prostate cancer --- migration and invasion --- patient survival --- biomarkers --- pBRD4 --- SET --- PP2A --- prognosis --- triple negative breast cancer --- resistance --- anti-receptor therapy --- trastuzumab --- PI3K --- mTOR --- TAK-228 --- epigenetic --- methylation --- acetylation --- non-coding RNA --- small-cell lung cancer --- triple-negative breast cancer --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- glioblastoma --- metastatic melanoma --- advanced ovarian cancer --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- immune evasion --- immunotherapy --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- oncogenic signaling pathway --- molecular targeted agents --- genome --- epigenome --- tumor immune microenvironment --- ovarian cancer --- adaptive immunity --- innate immunity --- complement system --- cancer immunology --- tumor microenvironment --- splicing pathway --- luminal breast cancer --- BET inhibitors --- n/a