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This book contains proposals to redesign the scanning electron microscope, so that it is more compatible with other charged particle beam instrumentation and analytical techniques commonly used in surface science research. It emphasizes the concepts underlying spectrometer designs in the scanning electron microscope, and spectrometers are discussed under one common framework so that their relative strengths and weaknesses can be more readily appreciated. This is done, for the most part, through simulations and derivations carried out by the author himself. The book is aimed at scientists, engi
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Earth sciences. --- Geology. --- Earth sciences --- Geology --- Sciences de la terre --- Géologie --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- Data management --- Sensing --- Pattern recognition --- Spectrometers --- Radar --- Satellites --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences --- Geophysics --- data management --- sensing --- pattern recognition --- spectrometers --- radar --- satellites
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Nitrides --- Long wavelength spectrometers. --- Infrared spectra. --- Raman spectroscopy. --- CARS spectroscopy --- Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy --- Spectroscopy, Raman --- Spectrum analysis --- Spectrum, Infra-red --- Spectrum, Infrared --- LWS (Long wavelength spectrometers) --- Spectrometer --- Heat resistant alloys --- Surface hardening --- Spectra.
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Sean Ashton's doctoral thesis, which he finished at the Technical University in Munich, describes the challenge of constructing a Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometer instrument (DEMS). DEMS combines an electrochemical cell with mass spectrometry via a membrane interface, allowing gaseous and volatile electrochemical reaction species to be monitored online. The thesis carefully introduces the fuel cell electrocatalyst development concerns before reviewing the pertinent literature on DEMS. This is followed by the presentation and discussion of the new extended design, including a thorough characterization of the instrument. The capabilities of the new setup are demonstrated in two research studies: The methanol oxidation reaction on Pt and PtRu catalysts, and the electrochemical corrosion of fuel cell catalyst supports. Despite both topics having long since been studied, new insights can be obtained through careful investigations with the new DEMS instrument that are of great, general interest. The thesis and the instrument thus show the way for future investigations in the field.
Chemistry. --- Electrochemistry. --- Mass spectrometers -- Design and construction. --- Mass spectrometry. --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry --- Mass spectrometers. --- Catalysis. --- Mass Spectrometry. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Spectrometer --- Activation (Chemistry) --- Surface chemistry --- Mass spectra --- Mass spectrograph --- Mass spectroscopy --- Mass spectrum analysis --- Mass (Physics) --- Nuclear spectroscopy --- Spectrum analysis --- Physical sciences
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This book delineates practical, tested, general methods for ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrometry in clear language for novice users, and serves as a reference resource for advanced spectroscopists. Applied Spectroscopy includes important information and equations which will be referred to regularly. The book emphasizes reflectance and color measurements due to their common usage in todays spectroscopic laboratories, and contains methods for selectinga measurement technique as well as solar and color measurements. Written by experts in the field, this text covers spectrometry
Spectrum analysis --- Solids --- Solid state physics --- Transparent solids --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Optics --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Industrial applications --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry --- SPECTROPHOTOMETRY --- SPECTROMETERS --- SPECTROSCOPY --- IR SPECTROSCOPY --- REFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY --- CALORIMETRY --- MATERIAL ANALYSIS --- CERAMICS --- FABRICS --- ANALYSIS
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Western philosophers have traditionally concentrated on theory as the means for expressing knowledge about a variety of phenomena. This absorbing book challenges this fundamental notion by showing how objects themselves, specifically scientific instruments, can express knowledge. As he considers numerous intriguing examples, Davis Baird gives us the tools to "read" the material products of science and technology and to understand their place in culture. Making a provocative and original challenge to our conception of knowledge itself, Thing Knowledge demands that we take a new look at theories of science and technology, knowledge, progress, and change. Baird considers a wide range of instruments, including Faraday's first electric motor, eighteenth-century mechanical models of the solar system, the cyclotron, various instruments developed by analytical chemists between 1930 and 1960, spectrometers, and more.
Science --- Scientific apparatus and instruments. --- Natural science --- Natural sciences --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Apparatus, Scientific --- Instruments, Scientific --- Scientific instruments --- Research --- Technological innovations. --- Philosophy. --- Instruments --- Equipment and supplies --- Scientific apparatus and instruments --- Science - Philosophy --- Science - Technological innovations --- Philosophy --- Technological innovations --- analytical chemistry. --- astronomy. --- boyles law. --- chemical analysis. --- chemists. --- cyclotron. --- electric motor. --- epistemology. --- faraday. --- history of science. --- instrumentation. --- machines. --- material culture. --- mechanical models. --- natural philosophy. --- natural sciences. --- nonfiction. --- orreries. --- philosophy of science. --- philosophy. --- progress. --- science and technology. --- science. --- scientific experiments. --- scientific instruments. --- scientific knowledge. --- scientific labs. --- scientific method. --- social change. --- solar system. --- spectrometers. --- technology. --- tools. --- universe.
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The Internet-of-Things is becoming an established technology, with devices being deployed in homes, workplaces, and public areas at an increasingly rapid rate. IoT devices are the core technology of smart-homes, smart-cities, intelligent transport systems, and promise to optimise travel, reduce energy usage and improve quality of life. With the IoT prevalence, the problem of how to manage the vast volumes of data, wide variety and type of data generated, and erratic generation patterns is becoming increasingly clear and challenging. This Special Issue focuses on solving this problem through the use of edge computing. Edge computing offers a solution to managing IoT data through the processing of IoT data close to the location where the data is being generated. Edge computing allows computation to be performed locally, thus reducing the volume of data that needs to be transmitted to remote data centres and Cloud storage. It also allows decisions to be made locally without having to wait for Cloud servers to respond.
hierarchical edge computing --- WSN --- rapid response strategy --- edge node --- fog access points --- cache memory --- convolutional neural network --- proactive caching --- fog computing --- Internet of Things --- service placement --- fog service orchestration --- spectral classification --- portable optical fiber spectrometers --- dew computing --- edge computing --- smartphone --- job scheduling --- scheduling heuristics --- mobile edge computing --- mobile edge server placement --- multiagent RL --- edge security --- offloading computation --- distributed collaboration --- data processing --- dynamic offloading --- IoT --- gateways --- Internet of Things (IoT) --- failure recovery --- FP-Growth algorithm --- association rules --- frequency pattern analysis --- computational offloading --- orchestration --- functional programming --- n/a
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"Optics--a field of physics focusing on the study of light--is also central to many areas of biology, including vision, ecology, botany, animal behavior, neurobiology, and molecular biology. The Optics of Life introduces the fundamentals of optics to biologists and non-physicists, giving them the tools they need to successfully incorporate optical measurements and principles into their research. S©œnke Johnsen starts with the basics, describing the properties of light and the units and geometry of measurement. He then explores how light is created and propagates and how it interacts with matter, covering topics such as absorption, scattering, fluorescence, and polarization. Johnsen also provides a tutorial on how to measure light as well as an informative discussion of quantum mechanics. The Optics of Life features a host of examples drawn from nature and everyday life, and several appendixes that offer further practical guidance for researchers. This concise book uses a minimum of equations and jargon, explaining the basic physics of light in a succinct and lively manner. It is the essential primer for working biologists and for anyone seeking an accessible introduction to optics"--
Photobiology. --- Physiological optics. --- Polarization (Light) --- Rotation of the plane of polarization --- Optics, Physiological --- Optical Phenomena. --- Light. --- Electromagnetic waves --- Optics --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Optical rotation --- Stereochemistry --- Vision --- Biology --- Light --- Photochemistry --- Polarization --- Visible Radiation --- Light, Visible --- Photoradiation --- Radiation, Visible --- Photoradiations --- Radiations, Visible --- Visible Light --- Visible Radiations --- Photobiology --- Optical Phenomenon --- Optical Process --- Optical Concepts --- Optical Processes --- Concept, Optical --- Concepts, Optical --- Optical Concept --- Phenomena, Optical --- Phenomenon, Optical --- Process, Optical --- Processes, Optical --- Optics. Quantum optics --- Ophthalmology --- Physiological optics --- Light sources --- Spectrum analysis --- absorption. --- animal vision. --- bioluminescence. --- coherent scattering. --- color. --- elastic scattering. --- electric field. --- electrons. --- fluorescence. --- geometry. --- human vision. --- inelastic scattering. --- integrated measurements. --- irradiance. --- light emission. --- light measurement. --- light. --- luminescence. --- lux. --- magnetic field. --- matter. --- mechanoluminescence. --- optical energy. --- optical measurements. --- optics. --- particles. --- phosphorescence. --- photon energy. --- photons. --- photosynthetically active radiation. --- polarization. --- polarized light. --- quantum entanglement. --- quantum mechanics. --- radiance. --- reflection. --- refraction. --- scattering. --- single scattering. --- sonoluminescence. --- spectra. --- spectral measurements. --- spectrometers. --- spectroradiometer. --- sun. --- thermal radiation. --- two-slit interference. --- uncertainty principle. --- units. --- wave interference. --- wave-particle duality. --- wavelength. --- waves.
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Since their discovery in 1895, the detection of X-rays has had a strong impact on and various applications in several fields of science and human life. Impressive efforts have been made to develop new types of detectors and new techniques, aiming to obtain higher precision both in terms of energy and position. Depending on the applications, solid state detectors, microcalorimeters, and various types of spectrometers currently serve as the best options for spectroscopic and imaging detectors. Recent advancements in micron and meV precision have opened the door for groundbreaking applications in fundamental physics, medical science, astrophysics, cultural heritage, and several other fields. The aim of this Special Issue is to compile an overview, from different communities and research fields, of the most recent developments in X-ray detection and their possible impacts in various sectors, such as in exotic atom measurements, quantum physics studies, XRF, XES, EXAFS, plasma emission spectroscopy, monochromators, synchrotron radiation, telescopes, and space engineering. All the papers included in this Special Issue contribute to emphasizing the importance of X-ray detection in a very broad range of physics topics; most of these topics are covered by the published works, and several others are mentioned in the paper references, providing an interesting and very useful synopsis, from a variety of different communities and research fields, of the most recent developments in X-ray detection and their impact in fundamental research and societal applications.
Compton camera --- and detectors --- X-ray detectors --- coherent imaging --- X-ray and ?-ray spectrometers --- magnetic multilayers --- X-ray diffraction --- X-ray spectroscopy --- XAS --- scintillation detector --- X-ray absorption --- XRF --- HAPG --- soft X-rays --- gratings --- von Hamos --- radiation detectors --- amylin --- synchrotron radiation --- high energy resolution fluorescence detection --- optical materials --- HOPG --- molybdenum --- Pyrolytic Graphite --- mosaic spread --- mirrors --- quantum foundations --- strong interaction --- Mössbauer spectroscopy --- multidisciplinarity --- Compton scattering --- Pauli exclusion principle --- free electron lasers --- X- and ?-ray instruments --- silicon photomultiplier --- kaonic atoms --- standing waves --- X- and ?-ray sources --- graphite crystals --- mosaicity --- X-ray source facilities --- rocking curve --- optical instruments and equipment --- photodetectors --- TM oxides --- X-ray reflectivity --- beamlines --- X-ray --- XAFS --- solid-state detectors --- underground experiment --- material investigation --- material science --- thin films --- X-ray Raman --- medical applications --- THz radiation --- X-ray absorption spectroscopy --- positron emission tomography
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