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This book addresses two important matters of current concern to Middle East scholars: firstly, the nature of the Egyptian state and society and the interactive process between them and secondly, how change, which would finally lead to development, can be initiated. The book argues that the Egyptian case represents a weak authoritarian state, which through its coercive and repressive policies towards various societal forces, political parties, professional associations and organisations and individuals, creates a weak society. Individual behaviour in urban and rural communities, sometimes viewe

Egypt --- Egypte --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Politics and government. --- Political science --- Social sciences and state --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- State and social sciences --- Cultural policy

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Le concept de risque est un terme ancien, qui viendrait, via l'italien risico ou l'espagnol riesgo, du latin resecumqui signifie ce qui coupe. Comme menace, le risque est étroitement associé au régime de l'assurance depuis le XVIe siècle. Depuis, il n'a cessé de se developper comme mode de gouvernementalité des hommes et des populations. Ces dernières années, société du risque et principe de précaution ont fait leur apparition, pour dési-gner une nouvelle génération de dangers non prévisibles et non assurables, mais sans doute aussi pour souligner un changement assez significatif de notre rapport à la science, aux normes et à la responsabilité dans le cadre de société dites «réflexives». Mais depuis Pascal et son célèbre pari, le risque est aussi valeur positive, synonyme de choix en contexte d'incertitude. Dans cette dimension, le risque en tant que prise de risquerenvoie à la part de liberté et de responsabilité que tout homme est condamné à assumer. Alea iacta est... Qu'est-ce que le risque? Que signifie société du risque? Quels changements dans les modes de gouvernementalité le concept de risque introduit-il dans les politiques publiques (sociales, pénales, familiales, de la santé)? Quels enjeux philosophiques le risque pose-t-il dans des sociétés victimaires qui font volontiers l'apologie de l'homme précautionneux et l'éloge du risque zéro? C'est autour de ces questions qu'est construit cet ouvrage, fruit d'un séminaire de deux ans mené par le Réseau Interdisciplinarité et Société (RIS) aux Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis

Organization theory --- Affective and dynamic functions --- Social psychology --- Risk --- Risk management --- Risque --- Gestion du risque --- Political aspects --- Sociological aspects --- Aspect politique --- Aspect sociologique --- Prise de risque --- Sociologie du risque --- Politique publique --- Sociologie --- Philosophy --- Prise de risque. --- Politique publique. --- Sociologie. --- Monograph --- Sociology --- risque --- politique publique --- prise de risque --- choix --- société du risque --- philosophie --- société victimaire --- ambivalence --- Social sciences and state

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Cause is a problematic concept in social science, as in all fields of knowledge. We organise information in terms of cause and effect to impose order on the world, but this can impede a more sophisticated understanding. In his latest book, Richard Ned Lebow reviews understandings of cause in physics and philosophy and concludes that no formulation is logically defensible and universal in its coverage. This is because cause is not a feature of the world but a cognitive shorthand we use to make sense of it. In practice, causal inference is always rhetorical and must accordingly be judged on grounds of practicality. Lebow offers a new approach - 'inefficient causation' - that is constructivist in its emphasis on the reasons people have for acting as they do, but turns to other approaches to understand the aggregation of their behaviour. This novel approach builds on general understandings and idiosyncratic features of context.

Philosophy of science --- International relations. Foreign policy --- International relations. --- Social sciences and state. --- State and social sciences --- Cultural policy --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics