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This manual and the free downloadable costing tool is the outcome of a project identified by the Water, Sanitation and Health Programme (WSH) of the World Health Organization (WHO) faced with the challenge of costing options for improved access, both to safe drinking water and to adequate sanitation. Although limited in scope to the process of costing safe water supply technologies, a proper use of this material lies within a larger setting considering the cultural, environmental, institutional, political and social conditions that should be used by policy decision makers in developing countries to promote sustainable development strategies.  Costing Improved Water Supply Systems for Low-income Communities provides practical guidance to facilitate and standardize the implementation of social life-cycle costing to "improved" drinking-water supply technologies. These technologies have been defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, as those that, by the nature of its construction, adequately protect the source of water from outside contamination, in particular with faecal matter. The conceptual framework used has also been conceived to be applied to costing improved sanitation options.  To facilitate the application of the costing method to actual projects, a basic tool was developed using Microsoft Excel, which is called a water supply costing processor. It enables a user-friendly implementation of all the tasks involved in a social life-cycle costing process and provides both the detailed and the consolidated cost figures that are needed by decision-makers. The scope and the limits of the costing method in a real setting was assessed through field tests designed and performed by local practitioners in selected countries. These tests were carried out in Peru and in six countries in the WHO regions of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. They identified practical issues in using the manual and the water supply costing processor and provided practical recommendations.

Water-supply, Rural. --- Rural water-supply --- Sanitation, Rural

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"A story of her small family farm in Colorado with history of water policy in the state and the science and law of water resources in the West. Addressing the deepening need for urban-rural cooperation, dispelling misconceptions and shares essential background knowledge about farms, food and water"--Provided by publisher.

Water-supply, Rural --- Water resources development --- Women environmentalists --- History. --- D'Elgin, Tershia. --- Environmentalists --- Women scientists --- Energy development --- Natural resources --- Water-supply --- Rural water-supply --- Sanitation, Rural

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In current times, highly complex and urgent policy problems—e.g., climate change, rapid urbanization, equitable access to key services, land rights, and massive human resettlement—challenge citizens, NGOs, private corporations, and governments at all levels. These policy problems, often called ‘wicked’, involve multiple causal factors, anticipated and unanticipated effects, as well as high levels of disagreement among stakeholders about the nature of the problem and the appropriateness of solutions. Given the wickedness of such policy problems, interdisciplinary and longitudinal research is required, integrating and harnessing the diverse skills and knowledge of urban planners, anthropologists, geographers, geo-information scientists, economists, and others. This Special Issue promotes innovative concepts, methods, and tools, as well as the role of geo-information, to help (1) analyze alternative policy solutions, (2) facilitate stakeholder dialogue, and (3) explore possibilities for tackling wicked problems related to climate change, rapid urbanization, equitable access to key services (such as water and health), land rights, and human resettlements in high-, middle-, and low-income countries in the North and South. Such integrative approaches can deepen our understanding of how different levels of government and governance reach consensus, despite diverging beliefs and preferences. Due to the particularly complex spatiotemporal characteristics of wicked policy problems, innovative concepts, alternative methods, and new geo-information tools play a significant role.

spatial data infrastructures --- n/a --- water point mapping --- complex adaptive systems --- FCM (Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping) --- spatial data infrastructure (SDI) --- Danube region --- longitudinal analysis --- geospatial data --- administrative technologies --- data gaps --- SDI development --- functionality --- key services --- interactive mapping tools --- the Netherlands --- coordination --- New York City --- renewable energy --- energy governance --- social acceptance --- large-scale base map --- Citizen Science --- self-organisation --- European Union Strategy for the Danube Region --- dashboard --- climate change --- Flanders --- information communication technologies (ICTs) --- heat wave --- Tanzania --- vulnerability --- rural water supply --- ICT4D --- income groups --- water points --- e-services --- information infrastructure --- Belgium --- mobile phone --- maptable --- climate governance --- governance --- rural water governance

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Riverbank filtration (RBF) schemes for the production of drinking water are increasingly challenged by new constituents of concern, such as organic micropollutants and pathogens in the source water and hydrological flow variations due to weather extremes. RBF and new technology components are integrated and monitoring and operating regimes are adopted to further optimize water treatment in bank filtration schemes for these new requirements. This Special Issue presents results from the EU project AquaNES “Demonstrating synergies in combined natural and engineered processes for water treatment systems” (www.aquanes.eu). Additionally, papers from other research groups cover the efficiency of bank filtration and post-treatment, advantages and limitations of combining natural and engineered processes, parameter-specific assessment of removal rates during bank filtration, and the design and operation of RBF wells. The feasibility, design, and operation of RBF schemes under specific site conditions are highlighted for sites in the US, India, and South Korea

floods --- environmental monitoring --- river bank filtration --- heavy metals --- riverside water source --- entrance velocity --- ultrafiltration --- online monitoring --- drinking water treatment --- water treatment --- system costs --- optimization --- biofilm --- fluorescence excitation-emission matrix --- riverbed --- inorganic chemicals --- well structure remodeling --- riverbank filtration (RBF) --- sub-oxic conditions --- electro-chlorination --- energy generation --- pressure loss --- bank filtrate portion --- removal efficacy --- bank filtrate --- manganese --- out/in membrane comparison --- pharmaceutical residues --- analytical method --- hydrochemistry --- subsurface geology --- dissolved organic matter --- column experiments --- storage tank --- groundwater --- organic matter composition --- water supply --- rural water supply --- collector wells --- mirror-image method --- southern India --- gabapentin --- microorganisms --- site investigation --- small communities --- decentralized capillary nanofiltration --- PHREEQC --- renewable energy --- droughts --- hydrological trends --- bank filtration --- filter cake --- sulphate --- point-bar alluvial setting --- inline electrolysis --- energy efficiency --- Ganga --- climate change --- turbine --- Nakdong River --- organic matter degradation --- oxypurinol --- slow sand filtration --- suboxic --- PARAFAC-EEM --- Krishna River --- water quality --- smart villages --- micropollutants --- anoxic --- dissolved organic carbon (DOC) --- attenuation --- organic micropollutants --- disinfection --- surface water treatment --- nitrate --- drinking water hydropower --- pesticides --- disinfection by-products --- Damodar --- pathogen barrier --- organic carbon --- salinity --- sustainable water production --- clogging --- Yamuna --- LC-OCD --- redox sensitivity --- pharmaceuticals --- high temperature --- performance --- riverbank filtration --- trihalomethanes --- iron