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This book is focused on the works presented at the 2nd International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences, organized by Applied Sciences from 15 to 31 October 2021 on the MDPI Sciforum platform. Two decades have passed since the start of the 21st century. The development of sciences and technologies is growing ever faster today than in the previous century. The field of science is expanding, and the structure of science is becoming ever richer. Because of this expansion and fine structure growth, researchers may lose themselves in the deep forest of the ever-increasing frontiers and sub-fields being created. This international conference on the Applied Sciences was started to help scientists conduct their own research into the growth of these frontiers by breaking down barriers and connecting the many sub-fields to cut through this vast forest. These functions will allow researchers to see these frontiers and their surrounding (or quite distant) fields and sub-fields, and give them the opportunity to incubate and develop their knowledge even further with the aid of this multi-dimensional network.

liquid crystals --- liquid crystal devices --- ions --- ion generation --- electrical conductivity --- PVA --- PbTiO3 --- optical properties --- silica-based hybrid sol-gel coating --- infrared spectroscopy --- ripening --- phytochemical composition --- functional food --- blueberry --- : fatty acids --- fresh sample --- in situ transesterification --- methylation

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This contributed volume provides a comprehensive, in-depth and subject-based reviews on the current status of active ingredients, sustainable use, biodiversity and conservation of certain endangered medicinal plants. The book also explores conventional and non-conventional biotechnological interventions for their biodiversity conservation. Medicinal plants have been used in worldwide as a major source of raw material for the traditional herbal healthcare practices as well as for drug discovery and development in pharmaceutical industry. The cumulative consequences of various human activities and environmental factors cause decline in the biodiversity of medicinal plants at an unprecedented rate worldwide. Thus, the overall understanding of ecology, species and genetic diversity along with assessment of the status of different threats and their impact on medicinal plants is crucial to sustain existing biodiversity, its utilization and conservation. All the latest advancements in the biotechnological approaches for the conservation research of endangered medicinal plants and the future perspectives have been described. This book provides comprehensive reviews spreading over about 25 chapters divided in three sections. The chapters of this book are written by recognized scientists in their respective fields which are useful to students, academicians, researchers, botanists, biotechnologists, policy makers, conservationists and industries interested in biodiversity conservation and medicinal plant research for the production of secondary metabolites.

Phytochemicals. --- Herbal Medicine --- Hawaiian Herbal Medicine --- La au Lapa au --- La'au Lapa'au --- Laau Lapaau --- Herbalism --- Medicine, Herbal --- Herbal Medicine, Hawaiian --- Medicine, Hawaiian Herbal --- Phytotherapy --- Naturopathy --- Bioactive Coumpounds, Plant --- Biologically Active Coumpounds, Plant --- Dietary Phytochemicals --- Phytochemical --- Phytonutrient --- Phytonutrients --- Plant Bioactive Compounds --- Plant Biologically Active Compounds --- Plant-Derived Chemicals --- Plant-Derived Compounds --- Dietary Phytochemical --- Plant Bioactive Compound --- Plant Biologically Active Compound --- Plant-Derived Chemical --- Plant-Derived Compound --- Bioactive Compound, Plant --- Bioactive Compounds, Plant --- Chemical, Plant-Derived --- Chemicals, Plant-Derived --- Compound, Plant Bioactive --- Compound, Plant-Derived --- Compounds, Plant Bioactive --- Compounds, Plant-Derived --- Coumpounds, Plant Bioactive --- Phytochemical, Dietary --- Phytochemicals, Dietary --- Plant Bioactive Coumpounds --- Plant Derived Chemical --- Plant Derived Chemicals --- Plant Derived Compound --- Plant Derived Compounds --- Secondary Metabolism --- Botany. --- Biodiversity. --- Plant biotechnology. --- Plant Science. --- Plant Biotechnology. --- Crop biotechnology --- Crops --- Plants --- Agricultural biotechnology --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Botanical science --- Floristic botany --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Natural history --- Biotechnology --- Medicinal plants --- Biotechnology.

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This volume highlights some recent developments on plants used widely as botanical dietary supplements and herbal medicines, especially in terms of knowledge of the chemical types and diverse biological activities of their constituents, as well as laboratory approaches for their quality control and taxonomic identification. In the first chapter, the biologically active secondary metabolites are described of selected botanicals that have a wide current use in the United States, with recent information provided also on their in vitro and in vivo biological activities. The second chapter constitutes an updated survey of the different chromatographic, spectroscopic, and metabolomics techniques that can be utilized for the quality control of botanical products. The penultimate chapter covers different nomenclatural systems that are of use for the taxonomic identification of source plants used in botanical products. Finally, deoxyribonucleic acid molecular barcoding techniques for the identification for plants used as dietary supplements are covered.

Dietary Supplements. --- Herbal Medicine. --- Plant Extracts. --- Phytochemicals. --- Chemical Phenomena. --- Chemical Phenomenon --- Chemical Process --- Physical Chemistry Phenomena --- Physical Chemistry Process --- Physicochemical Phenomenon --- Physicochemical Process --- Chemical Concepts --- Chemical Processes --- Physical Chemistry Concepts --- Physical Chemistry Processes --- Physicochemical Concepts --- Physicochemical Phenomena --- Physicochemical Processes --- Chemical Concept --- Chemistry Process, Physical --- Chemistry Processes, Physical --- Concept, Chemical --- Concept, Physical Chemistry --- Concept, Physicochemical --- Concepts, Chemical --- Concepts, Physical Chemistry --- Concepts, Physicochemical --- Phenomena, Chemical --- Phenomena, Physical Chemistry --- Phenomena, Physicochemical --- Phenomenon, Chemical --- Phenomenon, Physicochemical --- Physical Chemistry Concept --- Physicochemical Concept --- Process, Chemical --- Process, Physical Chemistry --- Process, Physicochemical --- Processes, Chemical --- Processes, Physical Chemistry --- Processes, Physicochemical --- Bioactive Coumpounds, Plant --- Biologically Active Coumpounds, Plant --- Dietary Phytochemicals --- Phytochemical --- Phytonutrient --- Phytonutrients --- Plant Bioactive Compounds --- Plant Biologically Active Compounds --- Plant-Derived Chemicals --- Plant-Derived Compounds --- Dietary Phytochemical --- Plant Bioactive Compound --- Plant Biologically Active Compound --- Plant-Derived Chemical --- Plant-Derived Compound --- Bioactive Compound, Plant --- Bioactive Compounds, Plant --- Chemical, Plant-Derived --- Chemicals, Plant-Derived --- Compound, Plant Bioactive --- Compound, Plant-Derived --- Compounds, Plant Bioactive --- Compounds, Plant-Derived --- Coumpounds, Plant Bioactive --- Phytochemical, Dietary --- Phytochemicals, Dietary --- Plant Bioactive Coumpounds --- Plant Derived Chemical --- Plant Derived Chemicals --- Plant Derived Compound --- Plant Derived Compounds --- Secondary Metabolism --- Herbal Medicines --- Plant Extract --- Extract, Plant --- Extracts, Plant --- Medicines, Herbal --- Materia Medica --- Phytotherapy --- Plants, Medicinal --- Herbal Medicine --- Hawaiian Herbal Medicine --- La au Lapa au --- La'au Lapa'au --- Laau Lapaau --- Herbalism --- Medicine, Herbal --- Herbal Medicine, Hawaiian --- Medicine, Hawaiian Herbal --- Naturopathy --- Dietary Supplementations --- Food Supplementations --- Herbal Supplements --- Nutraceuticals --- Nutriceuticals --- Food Supplements --- Neutraceuticals --- Dietary Supplement --- Food Supplement --- Herbal Supplement --- Neutraceutical --- Nutraceutical --- Nutriceutical --- Supplement, Food --- Supplement, Herbal --- Supplementations, Dietary --- Supplements, Dietary --- Supplements, Food --- Supplements, Herbal --- Functional Food --- Natural products. --- Biomaterials. --- Nucleic acids. --- Chemical structure. --- Natural Products. --- Nucleic Acid. --- Structure And Bonding. --- Plant Materials. --- Structure, Chemical --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Matter --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Products, Natural --- Raw materials --- Constitution

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Lignans are a class of natural products found mainly in plants. They have a wide variety of structures and exhibit a range of potent biological activities. Lignans are also well-known components of a number of widely eaten foods and are frequently studied for their dietary impact. Owing to these factors, lignans have been extensively studied by scientists from a large number of disciplines. This collection of research and review articles describes topics ranging in scope from the recent isolation and structural elucidation of new lignans, strategies towards the chemical synthesis of lignans, assessment of their biological activities and potential for further therapeutic development. Research showing the impact of lignans in the food and agricultural industries is also presented.

taste-active compound --- heilaohu --- 9-norlignans --- antioxidant activity --- drug-like --- human health --- chemometrics --- lignan --- bitterness --- red-flowered Chinese magnolia vine --- antioxidant --- ruminant --- secoisolariciresinol diglucoside --- quantification --- intermolecular interactions --- cattle --- anti-inflammatory activity --- acyl-Claisen --- LOX --- seed --- food groups --- microtubules --- anti-proliferative --- acetylcholinesterase inhibitors --- flax --- arylnaphthalene lignan --- epiboly --- aryldihydronaphthalene lignan --- multiple bioactive components --- enterolignan --- total synthesis --- genetic --- synthesis --- cultivated --- cell cycle --- chronic diseases --- national databases --- oxidation --- chemical components --- molecular dynamics --- COX --- lignans --- hydroxycinnamic acid --- chemical structures --- Chinese magnolia vine --- stereoselective synthesis --- sPLA2 --- Bursera fagaroides --- in silico studies --- antibacterial activity --- semisynthesis --- dibenzyl butyrolactones --- flavonoid glycoside --- lignan glycoside --- chemical characterization --- hydroxymatairesinol --- podophyllotoxin --- Lespedeza cuneata --- Bursera --- oak ageing --- Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus --- F-actin --- cultivar --- UHPLC-MS/MS --- bioactivity --- podophyllotoxin-type lignans --- harmonized databases --- graph theory --- antioxidants --- health promotion --- simultaneous quantitation --- natural products --- dietary intake --- cell migration --- Lignan --- chemical space --- diet --- Lauraceae --- pharmacokinetic --- cytotoxicity --- tujia ethnomedicine --- flavonolignans --- flavonol --- adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation --- Burseraceae --- environment --- dietary lignans --- phytochemical analysis --- Schisandra chinensis --- animal health --- neolignans --- Schisandra rubriflora --- cancer --- norlignans --- wild

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This Book serves to highlight the mechanisms related to the low intestinal drug absorption, the strategies to overcome the obstacles or intestinal drug absorption, and in situ, in vitro, and in silico methodologies to predict to intestinal drug absorption. This Book presents a series of drug absorption studies and related technologies that predict intestinal permeation of drugs that govern the pharmacokinetic features of therapeutic drugs. It also contains the mechanistic understanding regarding the first-pass metabolism and intestinal efflux that modulate the pharmacokinetics of drug and suggest the formulation strategies to enhance the bioavailability of investigated drugs.

rebamipide --- nanocrystals --- oral mucositis --- hydrogel --- endocytosis --- enoxaparin --- lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles --- oral --- intestinal absorption --- naftidrofuryl oxalate --- solubility --- permeability --- dissolution profiles --- pharmaceutical availability --- BCS drug classification --- non-sink condition --- solubility–permeability interplay --- unstirred water layer --- poorly soluble drugs --- solubilizer additive --- phenylketonuria --- l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase --- enzyme --- kinetics --- catabolism disorder --- biomedical drug --- P-glycoprotein --- breast cancer resistance protein --- LY335979 --- WK-X-34 --- in vivo–in vitro correlation --- lipolysis-permeation --- lipid-based drug delivery system --- PermeaPad --- cinnarizine --- lipolysis --- amorphous solid dispersion --- candesartan Cilexetil --- PVPK30 --- pH-modulation --- spray drying --- bioavailability --- nasal administration --- spray-drying --- chitosan --- microsphere --- meloxicam --- silymarin --- D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) --- liver distribution --- acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity --- extra virgin olive oil --- secoiridoids --- metabolism --- phenolic compounds --- intestinal permeability --- drug-phytochemical interaction --- hepatic metabolism --- mixed inhibition --- quercetin --- repaglinide