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Genetic variations may change the structure and function of individual proteins as well as affect their interactions with other proteins and thereby impact metabolic processes dependent on protein-protein interactions. For example, cytochrome P450 proteins, which metabolize a vast array of drugs, steroids and other xenobiotics, are dependent on interactions with redox and allosteric partner proteins for their localization, stability, (catalytic) function and metabolic diversity (reactions). Genetic variations may impact such interactions by changing the splicing and/or amino acid sequence which in turn may impact protein topology, localization, post translational modifications and three dimensional structure. More generally, research on single gene defects and their role in disease, as well as recent large scale sequencing studies suggest that a large number of genetic variations may contribute to disease not only by affecting gene function or expression but also by modulating complex protein interaction networks.The aim of this research topic is to bring together researchers working in the area of drug, steroid and xenobiotic metabolism who are studying protein-protein interactions, to describe their recent advances in the field. We are aiming for a comprehensive analysis of the subject from different approaches including genetics, proteomics, transcriptomics, structural biology, biochemistry and pharmacology. Of particular interest are papers dealing with translational research describing the role of novel genetic variations altering protein-protein interaction. Authors may submit original articles, reviews and opinion or hypothesis papers dealing with the role of protein-protein interactions in health and disease.

POR --- Pharmacogenetics --- UGT --- Biocatalysis --- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase --- Cytochrome P450 --- Drug metabolism --- Membrane-associated progesterone receptor --- PXR --- Steroids

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This book, "Cytochromes P450: Drug Metabolism, Bioactivation and Biodiversity", presents five papers on human cytochrome P450 (CYP) and P450 reductase, three reviews on the role of CYPs in humans and their use as biomarkers, six papers on CYPs in microorganisms, and one study on CYP in insects. The first paper reports the in silico modeling of human CYP3A4 access channels. The second uses structural methods to explain the mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4 by mibefradil, 6,7-dihydroxy-bergamottin, and azamulin. The third article compares electron transfer in CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 using structural and biochemical methods, and the fourth uses kinetic methods to study electron transfer to CYP2C8 allelic mutants. The fifth article characterizes electron transfer between the reductase and CYP using in silico and in vitro methods, focusing on the conformations of the reductase. Then, two reviews describe clinical implications in cardiology and oncology and the role of fatty acid metabolism in cardiology and skin diseases. The second review is on the potential use of circulating extracellular vesicles as biomarkers. Five papers analyze the CYPomes of diverse microorganisms: the Bacillus genus, Mycobacteria, the fungi Tremellomycetes, Cyanobacteria, and Streptomyces. The sixth focuses on a specific Mycobacterium CYP, CYP128, and its importance in M. tuberculosis. The subject of the last paper is CYP in Sogatella furcifera, a plant pest, and its resistance to the insecticide sulfoxaflor.

Antibiotics --- Bacillus --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- comparative analysis --- cytochrome P450 monooxygenase --- Mycobacterium --- P450 diversity percentage --- P450 profiling --- secondary metabolites --- NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) --- microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) --- Cytochrome b5 (CYB5) --- protein dynamics --- electron-transfer (ET) --- protein–protein interaction --- cytochromes P450 --- CYP3A4 --- active site access channels --- cavities boundaries --- minimal cost paths --- CYP139A1 --- genome data mining --- host metabolism --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- polyketides --- tuberculosis --- cryptococcus --- cryptococcus neoformans --- CYP51 --- fungal pathogens --- genome data-mining --- human pathogens --- CYP diversity analysis --- tremellomycetes --- trichosporon --- mechanism-based inhibitor --- crystal structure --- CYP4 genes --- genetic polymorphisms --- 20-HETE --- fatty acid --- arachidonic acid --- SNPs --- molecular functionality --- metabolism --- lamellar ichthyosis --- Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy --- cytochrome P450 --- isoform --- membrane protein --- protein-membrane interactions --- enzyme substrate specificity --- mutagenesis --- molecular dynamics simulation --- Sogatella furcifera --- sulfoxaflor --- transcriptome --- RNA interference --- CYP2C8 --- polymorphisms --- reactive oxygen species --- paclitaxel --- cytochrome P450 reductase --- electron transfer --- extracellular vesicles --- exosomes --- extrahepatic tissues --- plasma --- circulatory CYPs --- CYP450 --- drug metabolism --- precision Cardio-Oncology --- precision medicine --- systems medicine --- cytochromes P450 monooxygenases --- Cyanobacteria --- gene-cluster diversity percentage --- mathematical formula --- phylogenetic analysis --- Streptomyces --- cytochrome P450 monooxygenases --- terpenes --- P450 blooming --- non-ribosomal peptides --- cytochrome P450 monooxygenenases --- CYP128A1 --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv --- molecular dynamic simulations --- azole drugs --- menaquinone

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This book brings together the papers published in the Special Issue "Recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of resistance in Noctuid pests" in the journal Insects in 2021. It contains 10 articles that are either original results or reviews. The focus is on insects of the noctuid family, as they are among the most devastating crop pests on the planet. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that allow these insects to become resistant to insecticides is essential for the implementation of sustainable control methods and resistance management strategies.

fall armyworm --- insecticide resistance --- target-site mutations --- Bt resistance --- corn strain --- rice strain --- resistance management --- Indonesia --- Kenya --- 1′S-1′-Acetoxychavicol acetate --- Alpinia galanga --- Spodoptera frugiperda --- Sf9 cells --- botanical pesticide --- Mythimna loreyi --- rice armyworm --- invasive pest --- LAMP --- diagnostic PCR --- Helicoverpa armigera --- transposable elements --- insertions sites --- insecticide resistance genes --- insect rearing --- dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory --- development --- temperature --- variability --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- Cry protein --- ATP-Binding Cassette --- ABC Transporter --- ATP switch model --- pore-forming toxin --- resistance --- genetics --- Noctuidae --- Helicoverpa --- Spodoptera --- Heliothis --- Chloridea --- Trichoplusia --- ABCC2 --- biological invasion --- Cytochrome P450 --- Fall armyworm --- cytochromes P450 --- carboxyl/cholinesterases --- glutathione S-transferases --- ATP-binding cassette transporters --- soybean looper --- reference genes --- Cry1F --- genotyping --- targeted sequencing --- resistance screen --- n/a --- 1'S-1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate

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PacBio’s single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology offers important advantages over the short-read DNA sequencing technologies that currently dominate the market. This includes exceptionally long read lengths (20 kb or more), unparalleled consensus accuracy, and the ability to sequence native, non-amplified DNA molecules. From fungi to insects to humans, long reads are now used to create highly accurate reference genomes by de novo assembly of genomic DNA and to obtain a comprehensive view of transcriptomes through the sequencing of full-length cDNAs. Besides reducing biases, sequencing native DNA also permits the direct measurement of DNA base modifications. Therefore, SMRT sequencing has become an attractive technology in many fields, such as agriculture, basic science, and medical research. The boundaries of SMRT sequencing are continuously being pushed by developments in bioinformatics and sample preparation. This book contains a collection of articles showcasing the latest developments and the breadth of applications enabled by SMRT sequencing technology.

n/a --- Cladobotryum protrusum --- allele-specific analysis --- low-input DNA --- full length RNAseq --- de novo genome assembly --- de novo assembly --- human reference genome --- Tricoplusia ni --- PacBio single molecule real-time sequencing --- secondary metabolite --- protein isoforms --- bone marrow cell subpopulations --- DNA methylation --- mycoparasite --- human whole-genome sequencing --- GRCh38 --- SMRT sequencing --- cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) --- mRNA isoforms --- next generation sequencing --- cobweb disease --- Swedish population --- mosquito --- long-read SMRT sequencing --- whole genome sequencing --- terpenoid --- insect genome --- optical mapping --- Gloeostereum incarnatum --- population sequencing --- statistical methods --- gene expression --- single molecule real-time sequencing --- PacBio

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Sulfur is an essential element for all living organisms and is required by algae, plants, fungi, animals, and humans for growth and development. It is present in a variety of biomolecules involved in many biological functions, including the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis, defense, and detoxifying processes. The alteration of sulfur compound metabolism may lead to human diseases as well as to plant and animal pathologies. The marine environment, which is characterized by a high biodiversity of species and a great chemical diversity, represents a great potential source of bioactive sulfur molecules. A broad range of biologically active sulfur compounds with unique structures and pharmacological properties have been reported to occur in marine organisms, from amino acids to different sulfated derivatives. Great attention is also focused on sulfur metabolites in the marine microbial world in relation to the global sulfur cycle. The aim of this Special Issue is to present existing knowledge and recent studies on sulfur-containing marine bioactive compounds in different biological systems. Attention is also focused on metabolites active at the ecological level.

propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate --- angiogenesis --- invasion --- FGF2 --- MMP-2 --- MMP-9 --- fucoidan --- fucan --- age-related macular degeneration --- VEGF --- oxidative stress --- Laminaria hyperborea --- brown seaweed extracts --- proliferation --- molecular weight --- retinal pigment epithelium --- thiopeptide antibiotic --- screening --- structure elucidation --- natural products --- rare actinobacteria --- carbohydrate sulfotransferase --- carrageenan --- cytochrome P450 --- galactose-6 sulfurylase --- red alga --- reproduction stages --- WD 40 --- sulfavants --- adjuvant --- immunomodulatory activity --- colloid --- aggregates --- algae --- antioxidant --- diatoms --- light --- nitric oxide --- ovothiol --- biofouling --- marine coatings --- anti-settlement --- chemical synthesis --- sulfated --- gallic acid --- eco-friendly --- Tetraselmis suecica --- autotrophic culture --- heterotrophic culture --- exopolysaccharides --- antioxidant capacity --- cytotoxic effects on tumor cells