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This paper presents new results on the relationship between income inequality and education expansion—that is, increasing average years of schooling and reducing inequality of schooling. When dynamic panel estimation techniques are used to address issues of persistence and endogeneity, we find a large, positive, statistically significant and stable relationship between inequality of schooling and income inequality, especially in emerging and developing economies and among older age cohorts. The relationship between income inequality and average years of schooling is positive, consistent with constant or increasing returns to additional years of schooling. While this positive relationship is small and not always statistically significant, we find a statistically significant negative relationship with years of schooling of younger cohorts. Statistical tests indicate that our dynamic estimators are consistent and that our identifying instruments are valid. Policy simulations suggest that education expansion will continue to be inequality reducing. This role will diminish as countries develop, but it could be enhanced through a stronger focus on reducing inequality in the quality of education.

Income distribution. --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Econometrics --- Macroeconomics --- Demography --- Distribution: General --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Education and Inequality --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Education: General --- Estimation --- Demographic Economics: General --- Education --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Population & demography --- Income distribution --- Estimation techniques --- Population and demographics --- Econometric models --- Population

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Good practice suggests that budget allocations should reflect spending priorities and that spending should provide cost-effective delivery of public goods and services. This paper analyzes the composition of public expenditure in the Slovak Republic. It also assesses the relative efficiency of spending in education and health. The Slovak Republic spends more on social benefits and less on wages compared to the EU and OECD average. While it manages to translate the low expenditures into outcomes in an efficient manner in the education sector, this is not true for health. Moreover, the recent increases in expenditure levels have not improved outcomes, suggesting that significant budgetary savings could be achieved through increases in efficiency.

Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Public Finance --- Government spending policy --- Slovakia --- Appropriations and expenditures. --- Expenditures, Public --- Public spending policy --- Spending policy, Government --- Government policy --- Slowakei --- République slovaque --- Slovaquie --- Slovak Republic (1993- ) --- Slovenská Republika (1993- ) --- Republika Słowacka --- RS --- Slovakii︠a︡ --- Slovat︠s︡kai︠a︡ Respublika --- Eslovàquia --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Full employment policies --- Unfunded mandates --- Slovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovakia) --- Slovak Republic (Czechoslovakia) --- Czechoslovakia --- Slovakia (Czechoslovakia) --- Slovensko --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Education: General --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Public finance & taxation --- Education --- Expenditure --- Health care spending --- Total expenditures --- Education spending --- Slovak Republic

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This pamphlet focuses exclusively on corrupt public practices. It liststhe potential causes and consequences of public corruption and presentsrecent evidence on the extent to which corruption affects investment,economic growth, and government expenditure choices. The evidence presented here suggests that corruption may have considerable adverseeffects on economic growth by reducing private investment and perhaps byworsening the composition of public expenditure.

Political corruption --- Bribery --- Economic development --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- White collar crimes --- Boss rule --- Corruption (in politics) --- Graft in politics --- Malversation --- Political scandals --- Politics, Practical --- Corruption --- Misconduct in office --- Economic aspects --- Corrupt practices --- E-books --- Public Finance --- Criminology --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Corporate crime --- white-collar crime --- Public finance & taxation --- Expenditure --- Expenditure composition --- Public investment spending --- Education spending --- Crime --- Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP) --- Expenditures, Public --- Public investments --- Public-private sector cooperation --- United States