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The importance of substitution by the sugar sialic acid and the role played by sialylated structures (eg. glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycoconjugates) in immune recognition, neural cell growth, embryogenesis and disease development including microbial pathogenesis and cancer progression, has become well-established. This ebook presents a summary of central aspects of sialobiology (i.e., the study of sialic acid and its relevance to biology).

Sialic acids. --- Biosynthesis. --- Biological synthesis --- Synthesis, Biological --- Biochemical engineering --- Biochemistry --- Organic compounds --- Synthetic biology --- Biochemical templates --- Acetylneuraminic acid --- Lactaminic acid --- Amino compounds --- Carboxylic acids --- Mannose --- Synthesis

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This book focuses on the design of polymeric delivery systems for biomedical and nanomedicine applications as well as on understanding how such biomaterials interact in the physiological environment. The reader will find an encompassing view on the state-of-the-art of polymeric carriers, showing how current research deals with new stimuli-responsive systems for cancer therapies and biomedical challenges, namely overcoming the skin barrier. The published papers cover topics ranging from novel production methods and insights on hybrid polymers to applications as diverse as nanoparticles, hydrogels and microneedles for antifungal skin therapy, peptide and siRNA delivery, enhanced skin absorption of bioactive molecules, and anticancer therapy. The book comprises one review paper and nine research papers.

osteoarthritis --- monosodium iodoacetate --- p47phox --- PLGA nanoparticles --- reactive oxygen species --- full factorial design --- optimization --- metronidazole --- nanocomposites --- sodium alginate --- chitosan --- PLGA --- hybrid polymers --- chitosan-PLGA polymer --- NMR --- DSC --- FT-IR --- covalent drug conjugation --- therapeutic nanodevice --- polymeric nanoparticles --- cancer therapy --- controlled drug delivery --- redox responsive PEG-block-PLA --- nanocarriers --- disulfide bond --- controlled release --- retinol --- nanosponge --- hydrogel --- Box–Behnken design --- pharmacokinetic --- terbinafine hydrogel --- niacinamide --- polyethene glycol (PEG) 400 --- solvent --- dermal delivery --- finite dose --- porcine skin --- dissolving microneedles --- multiple sclerosis --- PLP --- transdermal delivery --- tyrosol --- nanoparticles --- Design of Experiment (DoE) --- β cyclodextrin --- DNA binding --- glyconanoparticles --- immunotherapy --- infectious diseases --- mannose receptors --- nutraceuticals --- n/a --- Box-Behnken design

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles wrapped in a lipid bilayer membrane and are naturally released from cells. This kind of cargo vessel is a nanostructure that mainly transfers lipids, proteins, various nucleic acid fragments, and metabolic components to neighboring cells or distant parts of the body through the circulatory system. EVs are of great significance to the communication mechanism between cells. This book collects feature articles to enhance our understanding of the biological characteristics of EVs and their potential applications.

extracellular vesicle --- precision oncology --- cancer biomarker --- prostate cancer --- drug delivery --- extracellular vesicles --- lysosome --- nanocarriers --- ultrasound --- size exclusion chromatography --- differential ultracentrifugation --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) --- exosomes --- cancer --- biomarker --- diagnostic --- therapy --- liquid biopsy --- small extracellular vesicles (sEV) --- tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) --- melanoma cell-derived exosomes (MTEX) --- proteomics --- tumor microenvironment --- biomarkers --- ectosomes --- neoplasia --- microvesicles --- small extracellular vesicles --- isolation --- purification --- size-exclusion chromatography --- ultracentrifugation --- sucrose density cushion --- lymph node --- spleen --- solid tissue --- microvesicle --- exosome --- cancer therapeutic --- drug carrier --- flow cytometry --- immunophenotyping --- swarm detection --- tumor-associated macrophages --- macrophage polarization --- mannose receptor --- HIV-1 Nef --- glioblastoma --- microRNA --- immunoprecipitation --- CD44 --- human milk --- nutrient --- microbiota --- microRNAs --- nanocommunicator --- diagnostic biomarker --- drug delivery vehicle --- personalized cancer immunotherapy --- therapeutic agents --- cell-to-cell communication --- ionising radiation --- non-targeted effects --- signalling --- imaging flow cytometry --- biomarker reservoirs --- cancer diagnostics --- disease monitoring --- large EVs --- ovarian cancer cells --- ES-2 --- OAW-42 --- adipose tissue origin mesenchymal stem cells --- n/a

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Targeted therapy has developed significantly in the last one and half decades, prescribing specific medications for treatment of particular diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. One of the most exciting recent developments in targeted therapies was the isolation of disease-specific molecules from natural resources, such as animal venoms and plant metabolites/toxins, for use as templates for new drug motif designs. In addition, the study of venom proteins/peptides and toxins naturally targeted mammalian receptors and demonstrated high specificity and selectivity towards defined ion channels of cell membranes. Research has also focsed intensely on receptors. The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins addressed the most recent advances using animal venoms, such as frog secretions, bee/ant venoms and plant/fungi toxins, as medicinal therapy. Recent advances in venom/toxin/immunotoxins for targeted cancer therapy and immunotherapy, along with using novel disease-specific venom-based protein/peptide/toxin and currently available FDA-approved drugs for combinationtreatments will be discussed. Finally, we included an overview of select promising toad/snake venom-based peptides/toxins potentially able to address the forthcoming challenges in this field. Both research and review articles proposing novelties or overviews, respectively, were published in this Special Issue after rigorous evaluation and revision by expert peer reviewers.

cane toad --- n/a --- B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma --- Malaysian cobras --- complement system --- decay accelerating factor --- neuroblastoma --- atopic dermatitis --- complement dependent cytotoxicity --- antioxidant enzymes --- bacterial adhesion --- cancer therapy --- N. kaouthia --- anuran skin secretion --- frog --- Apis mellifera syriaca --- solid phase extraction --- bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) --- disintegrin --- toad toxins --- immunotoxins --- ribosome-inactivating proteins --- antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- drug design --- Moxetumomab pasudotox --- snake venom --- antiviral activity --- in vitro effects --- bombesin-related peptide --- oxidative stress biomarkers --- half-life --- blood vessel formation --- target therapy --- 2 --- MYCN --- indolealkylamines --- Huachansu --- membrane attack complex --- bouganin --- bee venom --- SEM --- anticancer activity --- antimicrobial peptide --- house dust mite extract (DFE) --- mannose receptor --- O. hannah --- bicarinalin --- gastric cells --- melittin --- LC-ESI-MS --- dermaseptin --- smooth muscle --- apoptosis --- anticancer --- N. sumatrana --- Helicobacter pylori --- inflammation --- immunotherapy --- atopic dermatitis (AD) --- immunotoxin --- mantle cell lymphoma --- clearance --- mass spectrometry --- Bougainvillea --- rRNA N-glycosylase activity --- fungal toxin --- skin inflammation --- targeted therapy --- 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) --- Bee venom --- VEGF --- Chansu --- bufadienolides --- obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) --- BLF1 --- antimicrobial activity --- orellanine --- VB6-845 --- acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- ribosome-inactivating protein --- CD206 --- molecular cloning --- cancer --- CD22 --- eIF4A --- obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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The concept of a circular economy relies on waste reduction, valorization, and recycling. Global trends for “green” synthesis of chemicals have positioned the field of enzyme technology and biocatalysis (multi-enzymes and whole-cells) as an alternative for the synthesis of more social- and environmentally-responsible bio-based chemicals. Recent advances in synthetic biology, computational tools, and metabolic engineering have supported the discovery of new enzymes and the rational design of whole-cell biocatalysts. In this book, we highlight these current advances in the field of biocatalysis, with special emphasis on novel enzymes and whole-cell biocatalysts for applications in several industrial biotechnological applications.

2G ethanol --- hemicellulose usage --- S. cerevisiae --- enzyme immobilization --- cell immobilization --- SHIF --- mannonate dehydratase --- mannose metabolism --- Thermoplasma acidophilum --- mannono-1,4-lactone --- 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate --- aldohexose dehydrogenase --- cyclodextrin glucanotransferases --- large-ring cyclodextrins --- semi rational mutagenesis --- carbohydrate active enzymes --- archaea --- glycosidase --- Sulfolobus solfataricus --- Saccharolobus solfataricus --- Lactobacillus --- β-galactosidase --- immobilization --- cell surface display --- LysM domains --- biocatalysis --- extremophile --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- 5-hydroxymethylfuroic acid --- platform chemicals --- whole cells --- New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase --- NDM-24 --- kinetic profile --- secondary structure --- glycoside hydrolase --- thioglycosides --- Fervidobacterium --- endo-β-1,3-glucanase --- laminarinase --- thermostable --- gene duplication --- cofactor F420 --- deazaflavin --- oxidoreductase --- hydride transfer --- hydrogenation --- asymmetric synthesis --- cofactor biosynthesis --- ω-transaminase --- α-methylbenzylamine --- chiral amine --- biotransformation --- biodiesel --- waste cooking oil --- lipase immobilization --- interfacial activation --- functionalized magnetic nanoparticles --- DNase --- kinetic profiles --- RNase --- semi-rational mutagenesis --- substrate specificity --- engineered Escherichia coli --- flavonoid glucuronides --- multienzyme whole-cell biocatalyst --- organic solvents --- psychrophilic yeast --- hormone-sensitive lipase --- Glaciozyma antarctica --- Antarctica and homology modelling --- keratinase --- serine protease --- metalloprotease --- peptidase --- keratin hydrolysis --- keratin waste --- valorisation --- bioactive peptides --- ene reductase --- enzyme sourcing --- old yellow enzyme --- solvent stability --- machine learning --- flux optimization --- artificial neural network --- synthetic biology --- glycolysis --- metabolic pathways optimization --- cell-free systems --- hydrolase --- lipase --- esterase --- Bacillus subtilis lipase A --- transesterification --- organic solvent --- water activity --- immobilized lipase --- RSM --- fuel properties --- chemo-enzymatic synthesis --- glycosyl transferases --- protein engineering --- carbohydrates --- industrial enzymes --- thermostable enzymes --- glycoside hydrolases --- cell-free biocatalysis --- natural and non-natural multi-enzyme pathways --- bio-based chemicals