Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of Ser/Thr kinases are encoded by nine distinct but closely related genes, which give rise to more than 12 different protein isoforms via a mechanism of alternative RNA splicing. Most PKC proteins are ubiquitously expressed and participate in a plethora of functions in most cell types. A majority of PKC isoforms is also expressed in cells of the immune system in which they are involved in signal transduction downstream of a range of surface receptors, including the antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes. PKC proteins are central to signal initiation and propagation, and to the regulation of processes leading to immune cell proliferation, differentiation, homing and survival. As a result, PKC proteins directly impact on the quality and quantity of immune responses and indirectly on the host resistance to pathogens and tendency to develop immune deficiencies and autoimmune diseases. A significant progress was made in recent years in understanding the regulation of PKC enzymes, their mechanism of action and their role in determining immunocyte behavior This volume reviews the most significant contributions made in the field of immune cell regulation by PKC enzymes. Several manuscripts are devoted to the role of distinct PKC isoforms in the regulation of selected immunocyte responses. Additional manuscripts review more general mechanisms of regulation of PKC enzymes, either by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or controlled proteolysis, or by interaction with different binding proteins that may alter the conformation, activity and subcellular location of PKC. Both types of mechanisms can introduce conformational changes in the molecule, which may affect its ability to interact with cofactors, ATP, or substrates. This topic will be followed by a discussion on the positive and negative impact of individual PKC isoforms on cell cycle regulation. A second section of this volume concentrates on selected topics relevant to role of the novel PKC isoform, PKC-theta, in T lymphocyte function. PKC-theta plays important and some non-redundant roles in T cell activation and is a key isoform that recruits to the immunological synapse - the surface membrane area in T cells that comes in direct contact with antigen presenting cells. The immunological synapse is formed in T cells within seconds following the engagement of the TCR by a peptide-bound MHC molecule on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. It serves as a platform for receptors, adaptor proteins, and effector molecules, which assemble into multimolecular activation complexes required for signal transduction. The unique ability of PKC-theta to activate the NF-kB, AP-1 and NF-AT transcription factors is well established, and recent studies contributed essential information on the mechanisms involved in the recruitment of PKC-theta to the center of the immunological synapse and the nature of its substrates and the role of their phosphorylated forms in signal transduction. Additional review manuscripts will describe the unique behavior of PKC-theta in regulatory T cells and its role in the regulation of other cell populations, including those of the innate immune response. This volume brings together leading experts from different disciplines that review the most recent discoveries and offer new perspectives on the contributions of PKC isoforms to biochemical processes and signaling events in different immune cell populations and their impact on the overall host immune response.

T cell activation --- lymphocyte stimulation --- cell growth regulation --- Protein Kinase C --- signal transduction pathways

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Obesity and its co-morbidities, including atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and diabetes, are a world-wide epidemic. Inflammatory immune responses in metabolic tissues have emerged as a universal feature of these metabolic disorders. While initial work highlighted the contribution of macrophages to tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, recent studies demonstrate that cells of the adaptive immune compartment, including T and B lymphocytes and dendritic cells also participate in obesity-induced pathogenesis of these conditions. However, the molecular and cellular pathways by which the innate and adaptive branches of immunity control tissue and systemic metabolism remain poorly understood. To engage in growth and activation, cells need to increase their biomass and replicate their genome. This process presents a substantial bioenergetic challenge: growing and activated cells must increase ATP production and acquire or synthesize raw materials, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. To do so, they actively reprogram their intracellular metabolism from catabolic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and other anabolic pathways. This metabolic reprogramming is under the control of specific signal transduction pathways whose underlying molecular mechanisms and relevance to physiology and disease are subject of considerable current interest and under intense study. Recent reports have elucidated the physiological role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage and T cell activation and differentiation, B- and dendritic cell biology, as well as in the crosstalk of immune cells with endothelial and stem cells. It is also becoming increasingly evident that alterations of metabolic pathways play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders. Due to the scientific distance between immunologists and experts in metabolism (e.g., clinicians and biochemists), however, there has been limited cross-talk between these communities. This collection of articles aims at promoting such cross-talk and accelerating discoveries in the emerging field of immunometabolism.

metabolic syndrome --- Obesity --- Immunometabolism --- TCA cycle --- Glycolysis --- macrophage --- Inflammation --- fatty acid oxidation --- Pentose Phosphate Pathway --- lymphocyte

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

immune response --- T lymphocyte --- TRM cell --- CD103 integrin --- transcription factor --- T cell metabolism --- Vaccine --- Tumor Microenvironment --- cancer immunotherapy --- viral infection

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Although instrumentation and laboratory techniques for flow cytometry (FCM) immunophenotyping of hematopoietic malignancies are well documented, there is relatively little information on how best to perform data analysis, a critical step in FCM testing. In Flow Cytometry in Hematopathology: A Visual Approach to Data Analysis and Interpretation, three physicians highly experienced in laboratory hematopathology and FCM offer a unique systematic approach to FCM data analysis and interpretation based on the visual inspection of dual parameter FCM graphics. This step-by-step approach to optimal FCM data analysis is demonstrated by means of numerous FCM graphics derived from actual well-documented clinical cases. In this second edition of this well received book, the authors have revised and expanded the text and added more than 100 figures to reflect the recent advances in the field. The focus of the additional material is on the TCR-Vb eight-tube kit which has greatly facilitated the evaluation mature T-cell disorders, and on the DNA dye DRAQ5 for improved grading of malignant lymphoma. The authors also include notes on "tricks of the trade" and pitfalls to avoid. The discussion, covering leukemias, lymphomas, and other conditions, moves from simple to complex specimens, with an emphasis on visual pattern analysis. Richly illustrated and highly instructive, Flow Cytometry in Hematopathology: A Visual Approach to Data Analysis and Interpretation offers clinical pathologists, hematopathologists, and specialists in laboratory medicine a much-needed guide with a practical and logical approach for sharpening their FCM data analysis skills on a wide spectrum of hematologic disorders.

Blood --- Flow cytometry --- Hematopoietic stem cell disorders --- Immunophenotyping --- Pathophysiology. --- Methodology. --- Diagnosis. --- Lymphocyte immunophenotyping --- Lymphocyte subtyping --- Lymphocytes --- Hematopoietic stem cell diseases --- Hematopoietic stem cells --- Cell counting, Laser --- Cell separation, Laser --- Cell sorting, Laser --- Flow cytofluorometry --- Flow cytophotometry --- Laser cell counting --- Laser cell separation --- Laser cell sorting --- Cytometry --- Body fluids --- Fear of blood --- Classification --- Diseases

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Since the end of World War II, biology and medicine have merged in remarkably productive ways. In this book Peter Keating and Alberto Cambrosio analyze the transformation of medicine into biomedicine and its consequences, ranging from the recasting of hospital architecture to the redefinition of the human body, disease, and therapeutic practices. To describe this new alignment between the normal and the pathological, the authors introduce the notion of the biomedical platform. Defined as a specific configuration of instruments, individuals, and programs, biomedical platforms generate routines, entities, and activities, held together by standard reagents and protocols. Biological entities such as cell surface markers, oncogenes, and DNA profiles now exist as both normal biological components of the organism and as pathological signs--that is, as biomedical substances. The notion of a biomedical platform allows researchers interested in the development of contemporary medicine to describe events and processes overlooked by other approaches.The authors focus on a specific biomedical platform known as immunophenotyping. They describe its emergence as an experimental system with roots in biology (immunology) and pathology (oncology). They recount how this experimental system was transformed into a biomedical platform initially for the diagnosis of leukemia and subsequently for other diseases such as AIDS. Through this case study, they show that a biomedical platform is the bench upon which conventions concerning the biological or normal are connected with conventions concerning the medical or pathological. They observe that new platforms are often aligned with existing ones and integrated into an expanding set of clinical-biological strategies.

Technology --- Immunologic Tests --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Sociology --- Health Occupations --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Immunologic Techniques --- Laboratory Techniques and Procedures --- Social Sciences --- Diagnosis --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Behavioral Sciences --- Investigative Techniques --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Immunophenotyping --- Sociology, Medical --- Biotechnology --- Biotechnologies --- Sociology of Medicine --- Medical Sociology --- Immunologic Subtyping --- Immunologic Subtypings --- Lymphocyte Phenotyping --- Subtyping, Immunologic --- Subtypings, Immunologic --- Lymphocyte Immunophenotyping --- Lymphocyte Subtyping --- Immunophenotyping, Lymphocyte --- Immunophenotypings --- Immunophenotypings, Lymphocyte --- Lymphocyte Immunophenotypings --- Lymphocyte Phenotypings --- Lymphocyte Subtypings --- Phenotyping, Lymphocyte --- Phenotypings, Lymphocyte --- Subtyping, Lymphocyte --- Subtypings, Lymphocyte --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Proxemics --- Behavioral Science --- Proxemic --- Science, Behavioral --- Sciences, Behavioral --- Antemortem Diagnosis --- Diagnoses and Examinations --- Examinations and Diagnoses --- Postmortem Diagnosis --- Antemortem Diagnoses --- Diagnoses --- Diagnoses, Antemortem --- Diagnoses, Postmortem --- Diagnosis, Antemortem --- Diagnosis, Postmortem --- Postmortem Diagnoses --- Disease --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Antibody Dissociation --- Immunologic Technic --- Immunologic Technics --- Immunologic Technique --- Immunological Technics --- Immunological Techniques --- Technic, Immunologic --- Technics, Immunologic --- Technique, Immunologic --- Techniques, Immunologic --- Antibody Dissociations --- Dissociation, Antibody --- Dissociations, Antibody --- Immunological Technic --- Immunological Technique --- Technic, Immunological --- Technics, Immunological --- Technique, Immunological --- Techniques, Immunological --- Allergy and Immunology --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Occupation, Health --- Occupations, Health --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- General Social Development and Population --- Biologic Sciences --- Biological Science --- Science, Biological --- Sciences, Biological --- Biological Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Biologic Science --- Biological Science Discipline --- Discipline, Biological Science --- Disciplines, Biological Science --- Life Science --- Science Discipline, Biological --- Science Disciplines, Biological --- Science, Biologic --- Science, Life --- Sciences, Biologic --- Sciences, Life --- Diagnosis, Immunologic --- Immunologic Diagnosis --- Immunologic Test --- Immunological Tests --- Tests, Immunologic --- Diagnosis, Immunological --- Immunodiagnosis --- Diagnoses, Immunologic --- Diagnoses, Immunological --- Immunodiagnoses --- Immunologic Diagnoses --- Immunological Diagnoses --- Immunological Diagnosis --- Immunological Test --- Test, Immunologic --- Test, Immunological --- Tests, Immunological --- Arts, Industrial --- Industrial Arts --- diagnosis --- methods --- Lymphocyte Subsets --- Immunity --- Immunochemistry --- Occupations --- Cloud Computing --- Social medicine. --- Biotechnology. --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/General --- BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES/General --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Medical care --- Medical sociology --- Medicine --- Medicine, Social --- Public health --- Public welfare --- Medical ethics --- Medical sociologists --- Social aspects --- Biological Markers. --- Immunophenotyping. --- Sociology, Medical.