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Untoward injuries are unacceptably common in medical treatment, at times with tragic consequences for patients. The phrases 'an epidemic of error' and 'the medical toll' have been coined to describe this problem of 'iatrogenic harm', which it has been suggested may have contributed to 98,000 deaths per year in the US. Some of these incidents are the result of negligence on the part of doctors, but more usually they are no more than inevitable concomitants of the complexity of modern healthcare. This book is fundamentally about distinguishing the former from the latter. Although medicine is used as the book's primary example, the points made apply equally to aviation, industrial activities, and many other fields of human endeavour. The book advocates a more informed alternative to the blaming culture which has increasingly come to dominate our response to accidents, whether in the medical field or elsewhere.

Medical personnel --- Medical jurisprudence --- Medical Errors --- Malpractice --- Liability, Legal. --- Quality of Health Care --- Forensic medicine --- Injuries (Law) --- Jurisprudence, Medical --- Legal medicine --- Forensic sciences --- Medicine --- Medical laws and legislation --- Medical malpractice --- Medical negligence --- Tort liability of medical personnel --- Medical errors --- Legal Liability --- Medical Liability --- Torts --- Institutional Liability --- Personal Liability --- Professional Liability --- Institutional Liabilities --- Legal Liabilities --- Liabilities, Institutional --- Liabilities, Legal --- Liabilities, Medical --- Liabilities, Personal --- Liabilities, Professional --- Liability, Institutional --- Liability, Medical --- Liability, Personal --- Liability, Professional --- Medical Liabilities --- Personal Liabilities --- Professional Liabilities --- Tort --- legislation & jurisprudence. --- prevention & control. --- standards. --- Medical jurisprudence. --- Malpractice. --- Law --- General and Others

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Expert Testimony --- Jurisprudence --- Liability, Legal --- Legislation, Medical --- Social Control, Formal --- Legislation as Topic --- Sociology --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Social Sciences --- Health Care --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- General Social Development and Population --- Constitutional Amendments --- Health Legislation as Topic --- Laws and Statutes --- Legislation, Health --- Model Legislation --- Population Law --- Statutes and Laws --- Health Legislation --- Amendment, Constitutional --- Amendments, Constitutional --- Constitutional Amendment --- Law, Population --- Laws, Population --- Legislation, Model --- Population Laws --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Public Policy --- Medical Legislation --- Medicine --- Legal Liability --- Medical Liability --- Torts --- Institutional Liability --- Personal Liability --- Professional Liability --- Institutional Liabilities --- Legal Liabilities --- Liabilities, Institutional --- Liabilities, Legal --- Liabilities, Medical --- Liabilities, Personal --- Liabilities, Professional --- Liability, Institutional --- Liability, Medical --- Liability, Personal --- Liability, Professional --- Medical Liabilities --- Personal Liabilities --- Professional Liabilities --- Tort --- Constitutional Law --- Court Decision --- Law --- Legal Aspects --- Legal Obligations --- Legal Status --- State Interest --- Litigation --- Medical Jurisprudence --- Aspect, Legal --- Aspects, Legal --- Constitutional Laws --- Court Decisions --- Decision, Court --- Decisions, Court --- Interest, State --- Interests, State --- Jurisprudence, Medical --- Law, Constitutional --- Laws --- Laws, Constitutional --- Legal Aspect --- Legal Obligation --- Litigations --- Obligation, Legal --- Obligations, Legal --- State Interests --- Status, Legal --- Defamation --- Lawyers --- Expert Opinion --- Expert Witness --- Expert Opinions --- Expert Testimonies --- Expert Witnesses --- Opinion, Expert --- Testimony, Expert --- Witness, Expert --- Witnesses, Expert --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- legislation & jurisprudence --- Expert Testimony. --- Jurisprudence. --- Liability, Legal. --- Legislation, Medical. --- Social Control, Formal. --- Legislation as Topic. --- Sociology. --- Health Care Economics and Organizations. --- Social Sciences. --- Delivery of Health Care.

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Deferred tax --- Business enterprises --- Business finance --- Business financial management --- Financial analysis of business enterprises --- Financial management, Business --- Financial management of business enterprises --- Financial planning of business enterprises --- Managerial finance --- Deferral of taxation --- Deferred income tax --- Tax, Deferred --- Tax debits --- Tax deferral --- Liabilities (Accounting) --- Tax accounting --- Tax shelters --- Accounting --- Finance --- E-books --- Taxation --- Economic aspects. --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Finance, Public --- Revenue

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This paper presents a new model for studying international capital flows and debt dynamics that emphasizes the role played by expectations concerning future trade flows and returns. I use the model to estimate the drivers of the U.S. external position and capital flows between 1973 and 2008. The estimates show that most of the secular rise in U.S. international indebtedness is attributable to growing optimism about future returns on U.S. holdings of foreign equity and FDI assets. They also show that the transformation of world savings into risky assets by the U.S. had little effect on its external position, but the expected future real depreciation of the dollar allowed the U.S. to sustain a higher level of international debt after the 1990s.

Finance --- Business & Economics --- International Finance --- Capital movements. --- Debt. --- Indebtedness --- Capital flight --- Capital flows --- Capital inflow --- Capital outflow --- Flight of capital --- Flow of capital --- Movements of capital --- Balance of payments --- Foreign exchange --- International finance --- Capital movements --- Debts, External --- Econometric models --- E-books --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- Investments, Foreign --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- International economics --- Foreign assets --- External position --- Foreign liabilities --- Trade balance --- International trade --- Balance of trade --- United States

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Due to the demographic development, public pension systems in the European Union organized on a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) principle will be forced to either raise contribution rates or taxes, shorten future replacement rates, or enforce a combination of both. In this regard, two important issues have to be addressed : the first issue refers to the question of measuring the public pension liabilities of private households until today. The extent of these liabilities has an impact on the saving bahaviour. The second issue refers to the consequences of the demographic development for future retirees and contributors and examines the sustainability of pension schemes by confronting the present value of future pension payments with the present value of future contributions

EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- 368.43 --- 336.024 --- 339.311.1 --- 311.94 --- Ouderdomsverzekering. Voorbarige dood. Weduwen en wezen. --- Sociale begroting, rekeningen en uitgaven. Gezondheid. --- Spaarneiging. --- Verdeling van de bevolking naar leeftijd. Veroudering van de bevolking. --- Pensions --- Pension trusts --- Employee pension trusts --- Pension funds --- Pension plans --- Compensation --- Retirement pensions --- Superannuation --- Verdeling van de bevolking naar leeftijd. Veroudering van de bevolking --- Sociale begroting, rekeningen en uitgaven. Gezondheid --- Spaarneiging --- Ouderdomsverzekering. Voorbarige dood. Weduwen en wezen --- Trusts and trustees --- Retirement income --- Annuities --- Social security individual investment accounts --- Vested benefits --- Political economy --- Welfare economics --- Economic systems & structures --- Finance & accounting --- cross country comparison --- demographic development --- European --- generational accounting --- Liabilities --- Measuring --- Pension --- Public --- Public pension systems --- Union --- Weddige