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This linguistic study is concerned with the role of the emphasizing particle la- (known as lām al-ta'kīd) in the grammatical traditions of Classical Arabic, as well as with the question of the historical relationship connecting this particle to a set of elements in several other Semitic languages showing comparable forms and functions. Although these particles have hitherto seemed to defy a coherent reconstruction, the very complexity of the data to which they attest proves to provide a key to their interpretation. They represent a critical first step in the refining of our understanding of the history of the Semitic sonorant phonemes.

Arabic language --- Semitic languages --- Afroasiatic languages --- Particles. --- Arabe (langue) --- Langues sémitiques. --- Particules (linguistique) --- Langues sémitiques.

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Lexicology. Semantics --- Grammar --- Semitic languages --- Langues sémitiques --- Morphology. --- Word formation. --- Roots. --- Lexicology. --- Morphologie --- Formation des mots --- Racines --- Lexicologie --- Langues sémitiques

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Grammar --- Semitic languages --- Arabic language --- Langues sémitiques --- Arabe (Langue) --- Grammar, Comparative --- Grammaire comparée --- Grammaire --- Voice. --- Passief. --- Causatieven. --- Semitische talen. --- Diachronische morfologie. --- Genus verbi --- Kontrastive Morphologie --- Arabe (langue) --- Phonétique. --- Voix. --- Voice --- Semitische Sprachen --- Arabisch --- Genus verbi. --- Kontrastive Morphologie. --- Arabisch. --- Semitische Sprachen. --- Langues sémitiques --- Grammaire comparée --- Semitic languages - Voice. --- Arabic language - Voice. --- Afroasiatic languages

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Hittite culture of the second millennium B.C.E. was strongly influenced by Mesopotamian culture, in part through the mediation of the peripheral cuneiform civilizations of northern Syria, in part through direct contact with Babylonia and Assyria. The text edited here (CTH 718) presents an extreme example of this cultural impact, featuring incantations in the Akkadian language (Hittite babilili) embedded within a ceremony set forth in the Hittite tongue. This ritual program has therefore become known to scholars as the "babilili-ritual." With almost 400 preserved lines, this ceremony is one of the longest religious compositions recovered from the Hittite capital, and there are indications that a significant additional portion has been lost. The divine figure to whom the rite is addressed is Pirinkir, a variety of the well-known Ishtar of Mesopotamia. Its purpose seems to be the elimination of the sins of a member of the royal family. Many of the ritual activities and offering materials employed here are characteristic of the cult practice of the Classical Cilician region known as Kizzuwatna, which was introduced into the central Hittite realm during the final two centuries of the state's existence. Nonetheless, the Akkadian of the incantations is neither the Akkadian employed in the Hurrian-influenced area of Syria and eastern Anatolia nor that otherwise known from the Hittite royal archives; rather, it is closer to the language of the later Old Babylonian period, even if no precise Mesopotamian forerunners can yet be identified.

Hittites --- Akkadian language --- Religion. --- Kizzuwatna (Cilicia) --- Akkadian language. --- Akkadien (langue) --- Religion hittite. --- Accadian language --- Assyrian language --- Assyro-Babylonian language --- Babylonian language --- Semitic languages --- Religion, Primitive --- Atheism --- Irreligion --- Religions --- Theology --- Textes. --- Texts. --- Kizzuwatna (royaume) --- Histoire --- Sources. --- Mythologie hittite --- Temples hittites --- Dieux hittites --- Accadien (langue) --- Assyrien (langue) --- Assyro-babylonien (langue) --- Babylonien (langue) --- Sémitique oriental (langue) --- Akkadien --- Correspondance akkadienne --- Dictionnaires akkadiens --- Emprunts akkadiens --- Glossaires et lexiques akkadiens --- Grammaire comparée --- Hymnes akkadiens --- Incantations akkadiennes --- Incantations assyro-babyloniennes --- Inscriptions akkadiennes --- Littérature assyro-babylonienne --- Noms de personnes akkadiens --- Noms géographiques akkadiens --- Philologie akkadienne --- Langues sémitiques --- Religion --- langue) -- Vocabulaire --- Kizzuwadna (Royaume) --- Kizzuwatna (Royaume) --- Asie Mineure --- Kizzuwatna (Kingdom)