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Over the last half of century interferon (IFN), originally discovered as an antiviral protein, has developed from an inhibitor of viral replication to a major force in the antiviral response. Initially studied only by few virologists, IFN was generally considered as a poorly defined protein of limited importance. The development of molecular techniques lead to the identification of a family of IFN genes and has shown an unexpected complexity of type I IFN genes and their expression. Presently, some aspects of the of the pathogen mediated induction of IFN gene expression are understood at molecular level, while others are still at the stage of description. Both Toll like receptors and cytoplasmic RNA helicases were shown to recognize viral nucleic acids and the basis of a distinct recognition of viral nucleic acids from the cellular ones are emerging. Important insights on the virus recognition entity, leading to the expression of interferon and interferon induced genes, have been made in the recent year, which are challenging the accepted concept of the critical role of dsRNA in IFN induction. The availability of genetically modified mice that are lacking either essential components of the interferon inducing pathway, or interferon signaling pathway fully confirmed the original idea, made soon after its discovery, that interferon is the first cellular defense against viral infection.

Interferon. --- Interferons --- Antineoplastic agents --- Antiviral agents --- Glycoproteins --- Lymphokines --- Immunology. --- Medical virology. --- Virology. --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Microbiology

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immunotherapy --- vaccines --- transplantation immunology --- clinical laboratory immunology --- gene therapy --- lymphokines and cytokines --- Cellular immunity --- Immunotherapy --- Immunity, Cellular. --- Cellular immunity. --- Cell-mediated immunity --- Cellular immunology --- Clonal selection theory --- Immune response --- Immunity --- Cellular Immune Response --- Cell-Mediated Immunity --- Cell Mediated Immunity --- Cell-Mediated Immunities --- Cellular Immune Responses --- Cellular Immunities --- Cellular Immunity --- Immune Response, Cellular --- Immune Responses, Cellular --- Immunities, Cell-Mediated --- Immunities, Cellular --- Immunity, Cell-Mediated --- Response, Cellular Immune --- Lymphokines --- T-Lymphocytes --- Interleukin-12 --- Therapeutic immunology --- Clinical immunology --- Therapeutics --- Immunotherapy. --- Microbiology & Immunology

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The type I interferon system plays a critical role in host defense in health, and a growing body of literature suggests that type I interferon is a critical mediator of human autoimmune disease. Type I interferons function as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and as such play an important role in setting thresholds for response against self antigens. Many investigators have focused on the role type I interferons play in autoimmune disease. This fascinating and rapidly growing body of literature encompasses many different autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and others. In this Research Topic, we provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles type I interferons play in autoimmune diseases, with a focus on human immunology.

Interferon. --- Autoimmune diseases. --- Immunologic diseases. --- Immunology. --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Immune diseases --- Immune disorders --- Immune system --- Immunologic disorders --- Immunological diseases --- Diseases --- Autoimmunologic diseases --- Autoimmunity --- Immunologic diseases --- Interferons --- Antineoplastic agents --- Antiviral agents --- Glycoproteins --- Lymphokines --- Books in machine-readable form --- Digital books --- E-books --- Ebooks --- Online books --- Books --- Electronic publications --- Multiple Sclerosis --- autoimmune thyroid disease --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- systemic sclerosis --- Sjogren's Syndrome

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Cellular immunity --- Cells --- immunology --- periodicals. --- Immunity, Cellular. --- Immunité cellulaire --- Cellular immunity. --- immunology. --- Cell-mediated immunity --- Cellular immunology --- Cellular Immune Response --- Cell-Mediated Immunity --- Cell Mediated Immunity --- Cell-Mediated Immunities --- Cellular Immune Responses --- Cellular Immunities --- Cellular Immunity --- Immune Response, Cellular --- Immune Responses, Cellular --- Immunities, Cell-Mediated --- Immunities, Cellular --- Immunity, Cell-Mediated --- Response, Cellular Immune --- Allergy and Immunology. --- Cell Biology. --- Clonal selection theory --- Immune response --- Immunity --- Lymphokines --- T-Lymphocytes --- Interleukin-12 --- Immunity, Cellular --- Immunité cellulaire. --- Immunité cellulaire --- Immunité cellulaire.

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Chemistry --- Immunity, Cellular --- Molecular Biology --- Immunology --- Molecular biology --- Cytology --- Immunologie --- Biologie moléculaire --- Cytologie --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- Immunity, Cellular. --- Molecular Biology. --- Cytology. --- Immunology. --- Molecular biology. --- Biology --- Health Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Agriculture Sciences --- Soil Chemistry, Microbiology, Fertility & Fertilizers --- Health Sciences. --- Life Sciences. --- Cellular Immune Response --- Cell-Mediated Immunity --- Cell Mediated Immunity --- Cell-Mediated Immunities --- Cellular Immune Responses --- Cellular Immunities --- Cellular Immunity --- Immune Response, Cellular --- Immune Responses, Cellular --- Immunities, Cell-Mediated --- Immunities, Cellular --- Immunity, Cell-Mediated --- Response, Cellular Immune --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Immunobiology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Lymphokines --- T-Lymphocytes --- Interleukin-12 --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Biochemical Genetics --- Biology, Molecular --- Genetics, Biochemical --- Genetics, Molecular --- Molecular Genetics --- Biochemical Genetic --- Genetic, Biochemical --- Genetic, Molecular --- Molecular Genetic --- Genetic Phenomena