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Introduction and Scope—During the last few decades, an enormous effort has been made to understand corrosion phenomena and their mechanisms, and to elucidate the causes that dramatically influence the service lifetime of metal materials. The performance of metal materials in aggressive environments is critical for a sustainable society. The failure of the material in service impacts the economy, the environment, health, and society. In this regard, corrosion-based economic losses due to maintenance, repair, and the replacement of existing structures and infrastructure account for up to 4% of gross domestic product (GDP) in well developed countries. One of the biggest issues in corrosion engineering is estimating service lifetime. Corrosion prediction has become very difficult, as there is no direct correlation with service lifetime and experimental lab results, usually as a result of discrepancies between accelerated testing and real corrosion processes. It is of major interest to forecast the impact of corrosion-based losses on society and the global economy, since existing structures and infrastructure are becoming old, and crucial decisions now need to be made to replace them. On the other hand, environmental protocols seek to reduce greenhouse effects. Therefore, low emission policies, in force, establish regulations for the next generation of materials and technologies. Advanced technologies and emergent materials will enable us to get through the next century. Great advances are currently in progress for the development of corrosion-resistant metal materials for different sectors, such as energy, transport, construction, and health. This Special Issue on the corrosion and protection of metals is focused on current trends in corrosion science, engineering, and technology, ranging from fundamental to applied research, thus covering subjects related to corrosion mechanisms and modelling, protection and inhibition processes, and mitigation strategies.

high interstitial alloy --- molybdenum --- pitting corrosion --- passive film --- Cu-Mg alloy --- conform --- surface nanocrystallization --- corrosion resistance --- corrosion --- spring steel --- shot peening --- Mott–Schottky analysis --- point defect --- alloy --- magnesium --- SEM-EDS --- EIS --- mass loss --- corrosion layers --- duplex stainless steel --- intergranular corrosion --- stress corrosion cracking --- CPT --- DL-EPR --- aluminum --- heat exchanger --- galvanic corrosion --- simulation --- polarization --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- high velocity oxy fuel coatings --- iron aluminide --- titanium carbide --- atmospheric corrosion --- strain measurement --- mild steel --- corrosion product --- residual stress --- AC current density --- crystallographic texture --- intergranular and transgranular cracks --- brass --- CuZn36Pb2As --- CuZn21Si3P --- dezincification --- simulated drinking water --- long immersion --- mortar --- reinforcement --- lean duplex --- stainless steel --- chloride --- alkalinity --- microstructure --- anodic polarization --- ISO 9223 --- corrosivity categories --- predictive models --- archipelagic regions --- Canary Islands --- X70 steel --- stress corrosion cracking (SCC) --- slow strain rate tests (SSRT) --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) --- cathodic potentials --- Atmospheric corrosion --- corrosion rates --- exposure angle --- orientation angle --- carbon steel --- double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL−EPR) --- sensitization --- ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) --- Inconel 718 --- n/a --- Mott-Schottky analysis

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Product miniaturization is a trend for facilitating product usage, enabling product functions to be implemented in microscale geometries, and aimed at reducing product weight, volume, cost and pollution. Driven by ongoing miniaturization in diverse areas, including medical devices, precision equipment, communication devices, micro-electromechanical systems and microsystems technology, the demands for micro metallic products have been tremendously increased. Such a trend requires the development of advanced technology for the micromanufacturing of metallic materials, with regard to producing high-quality micro metallic products that possess excellent dimensional tolerances, the required mechanical properties and improved surface quality. Micromanufacturing differs from conventional manufacturing technology in terms of materials, processes, tools, and machines and equipment, due to the miniaturization nature of the whole micromanufacturing system, which challenges the rapid development of micromanufacturing technology. Such a background has prompted and encouraged us to publish a scholarly book on the topic of the micromanufacturing of metallic materials, with the purpose of providing readers with a valuable document that can be used in the research and development of micromanufacturing technology. This book will be useful for both theoretical and applied research aimed at micromanufacturing technology, and will serve as an important research tool, providing knowledge to be returned to the community not only as valuable scientific literature, but also as technology, processes and productivities.

magnesium alloy --- equal channel angular pressing --- processing route --- miniaturized tensile tests --- slip systems --- twinning --- slow tool servo --- ultra-precision diamond turning --- micro lens arrays (MLAs) --- chatter mark --- forming method --- metallic glasses --- thermoplastic microforming --- ultrasonic vibration --- formability --- freeform optics --- tool path generation --- large aperture optics --- ultra-thin foil --- slip system evolution --- tensile process --- crystal plasticity --- numerical simulation --- grain orientation --- fine blanking --- metallic microgear --- finite element analysis --- electron backscatter diffraction --- critical fracture value --- packaging --- copper substrate --- micro-embossing --- micro-textures --- plasma printing --- micro-punch array --- screen printing --- AISI316 --- surface microstructure --- electrically-assisted rolling --- current density --- T2 copper foil --- additive manufacturing --- residual stress --- thermal stress --- distortion --- prevention --- modeling --- computation --- electrically assisted --- bio-inspired functional surface --- bulk metallic glass --- photolithography --- acoustic softening --- residual effect --- microthin sheet --- forming limit --- punch load --- cut surface quality --- optimum clearance --- blanking experimental --- finite element method analysis --- EDM --- surface --- optimization --- machining --- titanium --- difficult-to-cut material --- Inconel 718 alloy --- micro-drilling --- aspect ratio hole --- deionized water --- micromanufacturing --- metallic materials --- miniaturization --- micro products

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The Special Issue Machining—Recent Advances, Applications and Challenges is intended as a humble collection of some of the hottest topics in machining. The manufacturing industry is a varying and challenging environment where new advances emerge from one day to another. In recent years, new manufacturing procedures have retained increasing attention from the industrial and scientific community. However, machining still remains the key operation to achieve high productivity and precision for high-added value parts. Continuous research is performed, and new ideas are constantly considered. This Special Issue summarizes selected high-quality papers which were submitted, peer-reviewed, and recommended by experts. It covers some (but not only) of the following topics: High performance operations for difficult-to-cut alloys, wrought and cast materials, light alloys, ceramics, etc.; Cutting tools, grades, substrates and coatings. Wear damage; Advanced cooling in machining: Minimum quantity of lubricant, dry or cryogenics; Modelling, focused on the reduction of risks, the process outcome, and to maintain surface integrity; Vibration problems in machines: Active and passive/predictive methods, sources, diagnosis and avoidance; Influence of machining in new concepts of machine–tool, and machine static and dynamic behaviors; Machinability of new composites, brittle and emerging materials; Assisted machining processes by high-pressure, laser, US, and others; Introduction of new analytics and decision making into machining programming. We wish to thank the reviewers and staff from Materials for their comments, advice, suggestions and invaluable support during the development of this Special Issue.

in situ estimation --- modeling --- simulation --- variable pitch --- X-ray diffraction --- cutting edge preparation --- plastic zone --- flank milling --- surface roughness --- power consumption --- cutting tool --- fatigue --- additive manufacturing --- optimization --- trochoidal step --- surface topography --- sinusoidal grid --- milling --- desirability approach --- electrochemical discharge machining --- fast simulation --- Inconel 718 --- secondary adhesion wear --- machinability --- hybrid stacks drilling --- cooling rate --- shape memory alloy --- residual stress --- diameter variation --- turning --- computer vision --- workholding --- on-machine monitoring --- chip morphology --- dry-cutting --- turning machine tools --- SACE-drilled hole depth --- residual stresses --- cryogenic machining --- prime machining costs --- PVD Ti0.41Al0.59N/Ti0.55Al0.45N coating --- single point incremental sheet forming --- butt weld joint --- dish angle --- machining characteristic --- DSC test --- segmented diamond blade --- cutting tool wear --- ultra-precision machining --- ceramics --- shape memory effect --- current density --- fractal dimension --- crack growth rate --- drilling --- force–temperature correlation through analytical modeling --- finite element model --- analytic solution --- aluminium --- taguchi method --- multi-objective optimization --- real-time prediction --- Gamma-TiAl --- cutting temperature --- EN 31 steel --- superalloys --- material-removal rate --- glass machining --- corner radius --- thin-wall machining --- vibration --- GPU --- titanium aluminides --- minimum quantity lubrication --- machining temperatures at two deformation zones --- finite element method --- roughness --- slight materials --- high computational efficiency --- dynamic --- adhesive --- heat transfer analysis --- connections --- stability --- vibrations --- trochoidal milling --- magnesium alloys --- specific cutting energy --- laser-assisted machining --- artificial neutral network --- microscopic analysis --- Milling stability --- topography --- weight loss --- modal testing --- sustainable machining --- dry --- damping --- ductile machining --- Inconel® 718 --- modelling --- cutting edge microgeometry --- electropulsing --- PCD --- cutting geometry --- fixture --- artificial neural networks --- spark-assisted chemical engraving --- machining --- specific energy consumption --- heat transfer search algorithm --- material removal rate --- prediction --- CFRP/UNS A92024 --- tool wear --- titanium alloy --- multi-beam laser --- chip compression ratio --- design of experiments --- concrete --- ANN --- titanium --- chatter --- response surface methodology --- machine tool --- superelastic nitinol --- optimal machining conditions --- machine vision --- steel sheet --- cutting process --- fracture mechanism --- self-excitation --- tool insert condition --- induction assisted milling --- hole quality --- GA --- titanium alloys --- microlens array --- parameter identification --- Taguchi method --- weld reinforcement --- slow tool servo --- cutting parameters --- flank super abrasive machining (SAM) --- stiffness properties --- grey relational analysis --- deflection --- computer numerical control --- grain density --- surface grinding --- the cutting force components --- Huber–Mises stress --- WEDM

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the manufacturing processes that warrants the attention of industrialists, researchers and scientists, because of its ability to produce materials with a complex shape without theoretical restrictions and with added functionalities. There are several advantages to employing additive manufacturing as the primary additive manufacturing process. However, there exist several challenges that need to be addressed systematically. A couple such issues are alloy design and process development. Traditionally alloys designed for conventional cast/powder metallurgical processes were fabricated using advanced AM processes. This is the wrong approach considering that the alloys should be coined based on the process characteristics and meta-stable nature of the process. Hence, we must focus on alloy design and development for AM that suits the AM processes. The AM processes, however, improve almost every day, either in terms of processing capabilities or processing conditions. Hence, the processing part warrants a section that is devoted to these advancements and innovations. Accordingly, the present Special Issue (book) focuses on two aspects of alloy development and process innovations. Here, 45 articles are presented covering different AM processes including selective laser melting, electron beam melting, laser cladding, direct metal laser sintering, ultrasonic consolidation, wire arc additive manufacturing, and hybrid manufacturing. I believe that this Special Issue bears is vital to the field of AM and will be a valuable addition.

microstructure --- slag --- crystallographic texture --- epoxy solder --- additive manufacturing --- substrate preheating --- thermosetting epoxy resin --- AlSi10Mg alloy --- impact --- residual stress --- stability lobe diagram --- laves phase --- vanadium --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- molten pool dynamic behavior --- scanning strategy --- pulse frequency --- thin-walled weak rigidity parts --- scanning --- aluminum --- elastic abrasive --- 2219 aluminum alloy --- Powder bed --- ABS --- laser energy density --- equivalent processing model --- composition --- numerical analysis --- scanning electron microscopy (SEM) --- Hastelloy X alloy --- regular mixing --- texture evolution --- graphene nano-sheets (GNSs) --- Electron Beam Melting --- powder bed fusion --- microstructural evolution --- Mg content --- cement --- bulk metallic glasses --- grain refinement --- Taguchi --- intermediate thermo-mechanical treatment --- valorization --- microstructure and properties --- arc current --- high computational efficiency --- powder properties --- dynamic characteristics --- composite materials --- CuAl2 phase --- rapid solidification --- magnetizer --- M300 mold steel --- circular economy --- titanium alloy --- Al–5Si alloy --- Al–Mg–Si alloy --- ultrasonic bonding --- water absorption --- disc brake --- support strategy --- inoculation --- arc additive manufacture --- 3D metal printing --- ultrafast laser --- Hot Isostatic Pressure --- arc additive manufacturing --- continuous carbon fiber --- performance characteristics --- process-damping --- intermetallic compound (IMC) --- interfaces --- direct metal laser sintering --- porosity --- nickel-based superalloy --- element segregation --- hydrophobicity --- H13 tool steel --- Cu50Zr43Al7 --- metal powders --- parameter optimization --- side spatters --- powder packing --- 3D printing --- precipitates --- n/a --- simulation --- laser cladding deposition --- melt pool size --- quenching rate --- Al–Mg alloy --- tailored properties --- workpiece scale --- fatigue --- laser cladding --- Ti-6Al-4V --- deformation --- quality of the as-built parts --- model --- milling --- wire feeding additive manufacturing --- martensitic transformation --- ball milling --- Inconel 718 --- ablation --- in-process temperature in MPBAM --- subgranular dendrites --- porosity reduction --- femtosecond --- paint bake-hardening --- Al6061 --- defects --- continuous dynamic recrystallization --- wear --- Additive manufacturing --- volumetric heat source --- Ti6Al4V alloy --- AlSi10Mg --- radial grooves --- GH4169 --- temperature and stress fields --- laser powder bed fusion --- metallic glasses --- numerical simulation --- latent heat --- divisional scanning --- wire lateral feeding --- laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) --- heat treatment --- thermal behaviour --- fused filament fabrication --- microstructures --- thermal conductivity --- 12CrNi2 alloy steel powder --- tensile strength --- hot stamping steel blanks --- multi-laser manufacturing --- aluminum alloys --- additive surface structuring --- parts design --- process parameters --- thermal stress analysis --- SLM process parameters --- nickel alloys --- Al–Si --- powder flowability --- laser power absorption --- refractory high-entropy alloy --- localized inductive heating --- mechanical properties --- selective laser melting --- storage energy --- concrete --- mechanical property --- gray cast iron --- constitutive model --- analytical modeling --- hot deformation --- epitaxial growth --- design --- flowability --- amorphous alloy --- PSO-BP neural network algorithm --- molten pool evolution --- microhardness measurement --- macro defects --- thermal capillary effects --- finite element analysis --- dynamic properties --- WxNbMoTa --- properties --- Al-5Si alloy --- Al-Mg-Si alloy --- Al-Mg alloy --- Al-Si

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This book derives from the Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society (MES) that was launched as a Special Issue of the journal Materials. The 48 contributions, published in this book, explore the evolution of traditional manufacturing models toward the new requirements of the Manufacturing Industry 4.0 and present cutting-edge advances in the field of Manufacturing Engineering focusing on additive manufacturing and 3D printing, advances and innovations in manufacturing processes, sustainable and green manufacturing, manufacturing systems (machines, equipment and tooling), metrology and quality in manufacturing, Industry 4.0, product lifecycle management (PLM) technologies, and production planning and risks.

ultrasonic metal welding --- finite element analysis --- temperature distribution --- strength of the joint in tension --- heat flux --- friction --- plastic deformation --- thermocouple --- WEDM --- deep learning --- deep neural networks --- Industry 4.0 --- crash boxes --- joining by forming --- resistance spot-welding --- crashworthiness --- UNS A92024 --- WC–Co --- wear mechanism --- tribology --- adhesion --- laser --- additive manufacturing --- laser beam machining --- laser polishing --- waviness --- roughness --- Inconel 718 --- Ti6Al4V alloy --- chip geometry --- dry machining --- parametric models --- turning --- UNS A92024-T3 --- corrosion --- surface integrity --- Ra --- residual stress --- functional performance --- ultimate tensile strength --- wear --- drilling --- machining --- dry drilling --- stack --- FML --- CFRP --- UNS A97075 --- stepped shaft --- cross wedge rolling --- plastic flow kinetic theories --- variable cone angle billets --- near-net forming --- gear manufacturing --- roughness model --- multitasking machines/multiprocess machines --- NEXAFS --- soft X-rays SXR --- SXR absorption spectroscopy --- respiratory movement --- lung tumor --- radiotherapy --- arduino --- cancer treatment --- linear accelerator --- ultrasonic molding --- microchannel --- thin-wall plate --- replicability --- polystyrene --- medical devices --- FDM --- PLA --- material color --- pigmentation --- extrusion temperature --- humidity --- micro-manufacturing --- manufacturing systems --- production planning --- polylactide (PLA) --- acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) --- tensile behaviour --- layer height --- infill density --- layer orientation --- cybernetics --- system dynamics --- production management --- maintenance management --- Viable System Model --- automotive industry --- hybrid components stack --- titanium --- magnesium --- repair and maintenance operations --- roughness average (Ra) --- ANOVA --- in-process measurement --- geometric accuracy --- grinding process --- tapered roller bearings --- single --- point --- incremental --- forming --- thermoplastics --- biocompatible --- temperature --- process --- parameters --- 3D printing --- correlation coefficients --- fused deposition modeling --- non-parametric tests --- surface roughness --- LMD --- laser metal deposition --- shielding gas --- argon --- helium --- melt pool temperature --- synthetic polymer --- bioprinting --- multi-material microextrusion --- bioink --- Selective Laser Melting --- thermo fluidic --- phase change --- consolidation --- Arbitrary Lagrangean–Eulerian Method --- metallic powder --- basalt fiber reinforced plastic (BFRP) --- delamination --- edge trimming --- tool wear --- scaffold --- PCL --- RepRap --- fused filament fabrication --- three-dimensional --- cell culture --- design --- topological optimization --- cost --- stock --- spare parts --- free-form filament fabrication (FFF) --- robot-assisted polishing --- force signal --- end point detection --- WAAM --- GMAW --- cold metal transfer --- hardness --- mechanical properties --- thermal input --- microstructure --- Synchrotron X-rays --- lithography --- curved substrate --- microstructures --- computed tomography --- surface extraction --- Canny algorithm --- Deriche algorithm --- carbon fiber reinforced polymer --- hole quality characteristics --- geometrical parameters --- roughness parameters --- taper --- heat affected zone --- product lifecycle management (PLM) --- manufacturing problem solving (MPS) --- fault diagnosis --- smart factory --- process failure mode and effect analysis (PFMEA) --- case-based reasoning (CBR) --- hole making --- surface texture --- contact measurement --- optical measurement --- delphi prospection --- education --- employment --- feature-based modeling --- inspection planning --- dimensional and geometrical specification --- process specification --- collaborative and integrated product-process development --- modeling --- laser processing --- simulation --- pyrometer --- aluminum --- brain --- rapid prototyping --- atlas --- rat --- magnetic resonance imaging --- educative model --- scaffolds --- porosity --- pore size --- multiobjective optimization --- priority dispatching rules --- simulation optimization --- job shop scheduling --- flexible manufacturing systems --- service-oriented manufacturing systems --- maintenance --- aircrat engine repair and overhaul (MRO) --- incremental forming --- FEM --- force prediction --- numerical model --- semi-analytical model --- specific energy --- welding distortion --- LSND (low stress no distortion) --- htTTT --- model validation --- Compression-After-Impact testing --- Compression-After-Impact strength --- carbon fiber reinforced plastics --- flat specimen --- AA7075 --- risk assessment --- dangerous substance --- Directive 89/391/EEC --- Directive 2012/18/EU --- ISO 45001:2018 standard --- emerging risk --- major accident --- manufacturing --- occupational accident --- risk management --- manufacturing industry --- bow-tie analysis --- pallet mover accidents --- accident analysis --- safety barriers --- sheet metal forming --- flanging --- hole-flanging --- incremental sheet forming --- Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) --- thickness distribution --- additive manufacturing and 3D printing --- advances and innovations in manufacturing processes --- sustainable and green manufacturing --- manufacturing systems: machines --- equipment and tooling --- metrology and quality in manufacturing --- product lifecycle management (PLM) technologies --- risks