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Hydrogen sulfide. --- Hydrogen sulphide --- Hydrosulfuric acid --- Sulfhydric acid --- Sulfur hydride --- Sulfides

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Global concern about climate change caused by the exploitation of fossil fuels is encouraging the use of renewable energies. For instance, the European Union aims to be climate neutral by 2050. Biogas is an interesting renewable energy source due to its high calorific value. Today, biogas is mainly used for the production of electricity and heat by a combined heat and power engine. However, before its valorization, biogas needs to be desulfurized (H2S removal) to avoid corrosion and sulfur oxides emissions during its combustion. Biogas can be upgraded (CO2 removal) and used as vehicle fuel or injected into the natural gas grid. In the last 15 years, significant advances have occurred in the development of biological desulfurization processes. In this book with five chapters, the reader can find some of the latest advances in the biogas desulfurization and an overview of the state-of-the-art research. Three of them are research studies and two are reviews concerning the current state of biogas desulfurization technologies, economic analysis of alternatives, and the microbial ecology in biofiltration units. Biogas desulfurization is considered to be essential by many stakeholders (biogas producers, suppliers of biogas upgrading devices, gas traders, researchers, etc.) all around the world.

biotrickling filters --- in-situ biogas desulphurisation --- response surface methodology --- microbial ecology --- anoxic biotrickling filter --- desulfurization --- molecular techniques --- open-pore polyurethane foam --- anaerobic digestion --- autotrophic denitrification --- anoxic biofiltration --- Teflon --- biotrickling filter --- biogas --- desulphurisation --- H2S --- post-biogas desulphurisation --- hydrogen sulfide elimination --- removal process --- Ottengraf’s model --- packing material --- hydrogen sulfide --- open polyurethane foam --- sulfur-oxidizing bacteria --- anoxic --- PVC --- biofiltration --- PET

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This book puts hydrogen sulfide in context with other gaseous mediators such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, reviews the available mechanisms for its biosynthesis and describes its physiological and pathophysiological roles in a wide variety of disease states. Hydrogen sulfide has recently been discovered to be a naturally occurring gaseous mediator in the body. Over a relatively short period of time this evanescent gas has been revealed to play key roles in a range of physiological processes including control of blood vessel caliber and hence blood pressure and in the regulation of nerve function both in the brain and the periphery. Disorders concerning the biosynthesis or activity of hydrogen sulfide may also predispose the body to disease states such as inflammation, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Interest in this novel gas has been high in recent years and many research groups worldwide have described its individual biological effects. Moreover, medicinal chemists are beginning to synthesize novel organic molecules that release this gas at defined rates with a view to exploiting these new compounds for therapeutic benefit.

Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Human Physiology. --- Neurosciences. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Medicinal Chemistry. --- Medicine. --- Human physiology. --- Toxicology. --- Biochemistry. --- Médecine --- Physiologie humaine --- Neurosciences --- Toxicologie --- Biochimie --- Hydrogen sulfide -- Physiological effect. --- Hydrogen sulfide. --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Hydrogen sulfide --- Physiological effect. --- Hydrogen sulphide --- Hydrosulfuric acid --- Sulfhydric acid --- Sulfur hydride --- Pharmacology. --- Medicinal chemistry. --- Medical biochemistry. --- Sulfides --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Nervous system --- Human biology --- Physiology --- Human body --- Chemicals --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Composition --- Toxicology --- Chemistry, Medical and pharmaceutical --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical --- Drug chemistry --- Drugs --- Medical chemistry --- Medicinal chemistry --- Pharmacochemistry --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Pathology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect

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This book presents an introductory editorial paper and publications referring to current problems and challenges in the field of wastewater treatment. The published articles cover a wide range of topics (reducing the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in biogas and decreasing release of phosphate into a sludge liquor at WWTPs; water ecosystem protection from antibiotics through the use of AOP methods; tertiary wastewater treatment in bio-filtration systems assisted by the addition of hydrogen peroxide to stimulate microbial activity; odor removal using biological methods; the impact of WWTPs on the environment by taking into account energy consumption, noise, and the formation of bioaerosols; and odor nuisances), which show significant progress in the research and implementation of innovative solutions in wastewater treatment technology.

hydrogen peroxide --- high-rate biofiltration --- nitrification --- denitrification --- AOPs --- assessment of ecotoxicity --- fluoroquinolones --- high resolution mass spectrometry --- IC50 --- MIC --- QSAR --- waste ochre --- biogas --- enhanced phosphorus removal --- hydrogen sulfide --- phosphates precipitation --- wastewater treatment plant --- environment --- impact --- life-cycle assessment --- environmental impact assessment --- green building --- environmental management system --- environmental aspects --- wastewater technology --- management tool --- biodegradation --- odors --- H2S --- NH3 --- n/a

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The metabolism of sulfur especially by sulfurtransferases had been intensively studied in mid 1900’s.  Three enzymes, cystathionine β–synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ–lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) were found to have the capacity to produce H2S in vitro.  However, H2S was recognized simply as a by-product of the metabolic pathways or as a marker for evaluating the activity of enzymes rather than as a physiological active molecule.   In the late 1980’s relatively high concentrations of sulfide were measured in the brain that led to the successive studies of identifying the physiological functions of H2S.  Recently, the steady-state concentrations of H2S have been re-evaluated and found to be much less than that initially measured.  However, despite these differences, such re-evaluations served to further confirm the existence of H2S in mammalian tissues.  H2S is produced in almost every organ and plays various roles such as neuromodulation, vasodilation, insulin release, inflammation, angiogenesis and cytoprotection. The unregulated production of H2S and improper responses of target molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases.  This book focuses on these topics as well as on the recent progress in the biology and the therapeutic development of this molecule.

Oxygen -- Therapeutic use. --- Oxygen therapy. --- Respiratory therapy. --- Chalcogens --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Acids, Noncarboxylic --- Metabolic Phenomena --- Investigative Techniques --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Acids --- Elements --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Phenomena and Processes --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Inorganic Chemicals --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Oxygen --- Drug Discovery --- Pharmacology --- Hydrogen Sulfide --- Metabolism --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Biology - General --- Biochemistry --- Sulfides. --- Hydrogen sulfide. --- Hydrogen sulphide --- Hydrosulfuric acid --- Sulfhydric acid --- Sulfur hydride --- Sulphides --- Life sciences. --- Neurosciences. --- Pharmacology. --- Medical biochemistry. --- Biochemistry. --- Life Sciences. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Sulfides --- Chalcogenides --- Sulfur compounds --- Toxicology. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Chemicals --- Medicine --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Toxicology --- Composition --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Pathology --- Physiological effect