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Hardwood-dominated temperate forests (mostly in Eastern North America, Europe, North East Asia) provide valuable renewable timber and numerous ecosystem services. Many of these forests have been subjected to harvesting or conversion to agriculture, sometimes over centuries, that have greatly reduced their former extent and diversity. Natural regeneration following harvesting or during post-agricultural succession has often failed to restore these forests adequately. Past harvesting practices and the valuable timber of some species have led to a reduction in their abundance. The loss of apex predators has caused herbivore populations to increase and exert intense browsing pressure on hardwood regeneration, often preventing it. Particularly important are fruit, nut and acorn bearing species, because of their vital role in forest food webs and biodiversity. Restoring hardwood species to natural forests in which they were formerly more abundant will require a number of forest management actions (e.g., resistant hybrids, deer exclosures/protectors, enrichment planting, underplanting, etc.). Similarly, reforesting areas that were once natural forests will also require new silvicultural knowledge. Global warming trends will intensify the need for interventions to maintain the diversity and function of temperate hardwood forests, as well as for increase hardwood reforestation.
Fagaceae species --- soil disturbance --- non-timber forest products --- precision restoration --- protected landscape area --- tree selection --- cultural diversity --- Quercus rubra --- hardwood restoration --- enrichment planting --- sub-tropical hardwoods --- agroforestry --- herbicide effects --- biological diversity --- competition --- Juglans nigra L. --- understorey --- invasive plants --- wildfire --- forest restoration --- Quercus macrocarpa --- riparian forest restoration --- vegetation management --- assisted migration --- sugar maple --- deer browsing --- species composition --- tolerance --- phosphorus --- growth efficiency index --- floristic quality index --- shelterwood --- Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch --- monitoring --- indicators --- seed predation --- Bioclimatic niche --- non-parametric correlation --- unmanaged forest --- Native Americans --- abandoned agricultural field --- native mixed forests --- tree vigor --- forest diversity --- predation --- weed control --- nitrate --- facilitation --- inventory --- hardwoods --- Mexican tree species --- yellow birch --- tree plantation --- seedling establishment --- deer abundance --- avian guilds --- Pinus strobus L. --- Central Hardwood Forest region --- Pinus strobus --- Durango --- MaxEnt --- Juglans nigra --- oak regeneration --- forest regeneration --- Quercus rubra L. --- deer herbivory --- ecosystem services --- tree shelter
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Wives and Wanderers in a New Guinea Highlands Society brings to the reader anthropologist Marie Reay's field research from the 1950's and 1960's on women's lives in the Wahgi Valley, Central Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Dramatically written, each chapter adds to the main story that Reay wanted to tell, contrasting young girls' freedom to court and choose partners, with the constraints (and violence) they were to experience as married women. Had this manuscript appeared when Reay apparently completed it in its present form - around 1965 - it would have been the first published ethnography of women's lives in the Central Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Its retrieval from Reay's papers, and availability now, adds a new dimension to works on gender relations in Melanesian societies, and to the history of Australian and Pacific anthropology.
Wahgi (Papua New Guinean people) -- Social life and customs. --- Women -- Papua New Guinea -- Social conditions. --- Women -- Papua New Guinea -- Social life and customs. --- Women -- Papua New Guinea -- Wahgi River Valley. --- Women --- Wahgi (Papua New Guinean people) --- Gender & Ethnic Studies --- Social Sciences --- Gender Studies & Sexuality --- Social conditions --- Social life and customs --- Social life and customs. --- Social conditions. --- Wahgi (Papua New Guinea people) --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Papua New Guinea --- Ethnology --- Papuans --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- papua new guinea --- social sciences --- pacific --- women --- gender --- Anthropology --- Bird --- Buda --- Ethnography --- Hardwood --- Insect --- Pig --- Wahgi language
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What are the causes and consequences of species diversity in forested ecosystems, and how is this species diversity being affected by rapid environmental and climatic change, movement of invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores into new biogeographic regions, and expanding human populations and associated shifts in land-use patterns? In this book, we explore these questions for assemblages of forest trees, shrubs, and understory herbs at spatial scales ranging from small plots to large forest dynamics plots, at temporal scales ranging from seasons to centuries, in both temperate and tropical regions, and across rural-to-urban gradients in land use.
gamma diversity --- tree species --- Climatic change --- individual species-area relationship --- woody species --- TILD --- trees --- Pseudotsuga menziesii --- windthrow --- precipitation --- species conservation --- spatial analysis --- codispersion analysis --- variation partitioning --- herbaceous perennial species --- northern hardwood forests --- climate change --- stand development --- potential habitats --- Smithsonian ForestGEO --- tree regeneration --- forest conversion --- Biodiversity Exploratories --- trunk breakage --- topography --- questionnaire survey --- mid-domain effect --- assemblage lineage diversity --- Salicaceae --- salvaging --- temperate forests --- Shannon diversity --- USDA Forest Service --- tree species diversity --- Bray-Curtis --- species-area relationship --- Ericaceae --- legacies --- Picea abies --- herbaceous layer --- spatial patterns --- mountains --- United States --- wind damage --- abundance --- Hubbard Brook --- elevational shifts --- uprooting --- species diversity --- evolutionary diversity --- Pinus sylvestris --- natural disturbance-based silviculture --- Vietnam --- diversity --- Maxent --- human footprint --- productivity --- China --- microarthropod --- phylogenetic diversity --- temperature --- household respondents --- succession --- biodiversity --- tornado --- salvage logging --- excess nitrogen --- climate --- forest management --- understory plant communities --- Simpson diversity --- species richness --- landscape scale --- structural complexity --- tropical evergreen mixed forest --- seasonal variations --- disturbance severity --- competition and facilitation --- canopy structure --- Fagus sylvatica
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Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks are a dominant natural disturbance in the forests of Canada and northeastern USA. Widespread, severe defoliation by this native insect results in large-scale mortality and growth reductions of spruce (Picea sp.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests, and largely determines future age–class structure and productivity. The last major spruce budworm outbreak defoliated over 58 million hectares in the 1970s–1980s, and caused 32–43 million m3/year of timber volume losses from 1978 to 1987, in Canada. Management to deal with spruce budworm outbreaks has emphasized forest protection, spraying registered insecticides to prevent defoliation and keep trees alive. Other tactics can include salvage harvesting, altering harvest schedules to remove the most susceptible stands, or reducing future susceptibility by planting or thinning. Chemical insecticides are no longer used, and protection strategies use biological insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) or tebufenozide, a specific insect growth regulator. Over the last five years, a $30 million research project has tested another possible management tactic, termed an ‘early intervention strategy’, aimed at area-wide management of spruce budworm populations. This includes intensive monitoring to detect ‘hot spots’ of rising budworm populations before defoliation occurs, targeted insecticide treatment to prevent spread, and detailed research into target and non-target insect effects. The objective of this Special Issue is to compile the most recent research on protection strategies against spruce budworm. A series of papers will describe results and prospects for the use of an early intervention strategy in spruce budworm and other insect management.
pheromone mating disruption --- spruce budworm --- insecticide application --- multi-spectral remote sensing --- simulation --- apparent fecundity --- Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) --- Pinaceae --- Choristoneura fumiferana --- circadian rhythm --- forest protection --- early intervention strategy --- insect population management --- moth --- survival --- Phialocephala scopiformis --- moths --- optimized treatment design --- spatial-temporal patterns --- monitoring --- modelling --- science communication --- decision support system --- population control --- area-wide management --- tortricidae --- insect susceptibility --- egg recruitment --- annual defoliation --- treatment threshold --- Maine --- dispersal --- growth rate --- forest pests --- Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) --- mixed effect models --- intertree variance --- endophytic fungi --- Acadian region --- insecticides --- defoliation --- Abies balsamea --- Picea glauca --- immigration --- defoliation prediction --- early intervention --- Quebec --- phenology --- aerobiology --- economic losses --- spatial autocorrelation --- foliage protection --- computable general equilibrium model --- economic and ecological cost: benefit analyses --- hardwood content --- plant tolerance --- Lepidoptera --- migration
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Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), as open-field crops, play an important role in multifunctional and sustainable agriculture as a result of their low energy requirements for cultivation and their many avenues of use, from the production of nutraceuticals, phytonutrients, and phytotherapy to land valorization. This Special Issue of Agriculture, “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Agricultural Research when Considering Multifunctionality and Sustainability Criteria”, aims to illustrate the role of MAPs in agriculture in low-impact farming practices, and the benefits they can generate in terms of functional products. This Special Issue covers all research aspects related to MAPs, including a number of scientific macro-areas, such as agronomy, chemistry and pharmacy, ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, food and nutrition, and ecology. Key topics in this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following: Sustainable agricultural practices of MAPs; Breeding and germplasm preservation of MAPs; The biodiversity of MAPs; The conservation of cultivated and wild MAPs; Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology; Phytotherapy, phytochemistry, and phytopharmacology; Essential oils and secondary metabolites; Functional foods and MAPs; MAPs and degraded and marginal land recovery; The global marketing of MAPs; The legislation of MAPs.
laurel --- microbial load --- oven drying --- real time monitoring --- sage --- sensor --- spike lavender --- essential oil --- 1,8-cineole --- linalool --- camphor --- edaphic characteristics --- altitude --- latitude --- longitude --- aromatic species --- alternative substrates --- irrigation --- plant habitus --- sustainable cultivation --- Calotropis procera leaves --- chronic inflammatory model --- cytokines --- Freund’s complete adjuvant --- indomethacin --- medicinal and aromatic plants --- crop diversification --- sustainability --- leaf yield --- biofunctional products --- genotypic variability --- extra-virgin olive oil --- aromatic and medicinal plants --- gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses --- antioxidant --- oleic acid --- caper plant --- island of Linosa --- morphological and productive characteristics --- growing --- St. John’s wort --- Hypericum perforatum --- secondary metabolites --- cropping technique --- hops --- Humulus lupulus L. --- Mediterranean environment --- trellising system --- medicinal plant --- industrial crop --- hop shoots --- powdery mildew --- downy mildew --- Japanese beetle --- maypop --- Ficus carica L. --- Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. --- medicinal-agroforestry system --- soil enzyme activity --- photosynthesis --- polyphenols --- Berberis --- negative fruits --- organic agriculture --- rooting --- hardwood cuttings --- iron chelates --- n/a --- Freund's complete adjuvant --- St. John's wort
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Biomass can be used to produce renewable electricity, thermal energy, transportation fuels (biofuels), and high-value functional chemicals. As an energy source, biomass can be used either directly via combustion to produce heat or indirectly after it is converted to one of many forms of bioenergy and biofuel via thermochemical or biochemical pathways. The conversion of biomass can be achieved using various advanced methods, which are broadly classified into thermochemical conversion, biochemical conversion, electrochemical conversion, and so on. Advanced development technologies and processes are able to convert biomass into alternative energy sources in solid (e.g., charcoal, biochar, and RDF), liquid (biodiesel, algae biofuel, bioethanol, and pyrolysis and liquefaction bio-oils), and gaseous (e.g., biogas, syngas, and biohydrogen) forms. Because of the merits of biomass energy for environmental sustainability, biofuel and bioenergy technologies play a crucial role in renewable energy development and the replacement of chemicals by highly functional biomass. This book provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth technical research addressing recent progress in biomass conversion processes. It also covers studies on advanced techniques and methods for bioenergy and biofuel production.
oxidation stability --- power density --- lipids --- pre-treatment --- dark fermentation --- hydrodeoxygenation --- combustion characteristics --- hydrogen --- feed solution --- emission --- cow manure --- anaerobic digestion --- synergistic effect --- biodiesel --- thermophilic --- mesophilic --- antioxidant --- crude oil --- biofuel --- rice husk --- base-catalyzed transesterification --- enzymatic digestibility --- fatty acid methyl ester --- coffee mucilage --- osmotic membrane --- fermentation --- forward osmosis --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- lignocellulose --- dimethyl carbonate --- diesel --- triacylglycerides --- drop-in fuel --- draw solution --- subcritical methanol --- free fatty acids --- Rhus typhina biodiesel --- sewage sludge --- alternative fuel --- vacuum --- intake temperature --- Physico-chemical properties --- bioethanol --- energy yield --- tert-butylhydroquinone --- non-edible oil --- biomass --- nano-catalysts --- Fatty Acid Methyl Ester --- bioenergy --- direct carbon fuel cell --- viscosity --- FAME yield --- reaction kinetics --- gasification --- operating conditions --- injection strategies --- instar --- butylated hydroxyanisole --- torrefaction --- nanomagnetic catalyst --- fatty acid methyl esters --- crude glycerol --- renewable energy --- pyrolysis --- glycerol carbonate --- single-pellet combustion --- biodiesel production --- nanotechnology --- microwave irradiation --- pressure-retarded osmosis --- black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) --- technology development --- concentration polarization --- waste --- nano-additives --- bio-jet fuel --- kinetic study --- thermogravimetric analysis --- rubber seed oil --- combustion --- potato peels --- power generation --- response surface --- biochar --- lipid --- organic wastes --- extrusion --- co-combustion --- biomass pretreatment --- microwave --- hardwood --- Rancimat method --- anaerobic treatment --- post-treatment --- fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) --- biogas --- GCI --- compression ratio --- membrane fouling --- environment --- rice straw --- pretreatment --- free fatty acid --- palm oil mill effluent --- acclimatization --- Box-Behnken design
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Forest ecosystems are important habitats for a vast number of species worldwide. These ecosystems are degrading faster than they are regenerating, due to the increased demand for natural resources. In order to protect these ecosystems, the designation of Protected Areas (PAs) has become the primary policy tool for forest conservation. The articles included in this book explore challenges and opportunities within forest PAs, focusing on four main themes. The first theme refers to current initiatives in forest management across the world, reflecting the efforts of several organizations in halting deforestation. Major challenges are also identified, reflecting the declining rates of forest coverage across the world. A second theme refers to policy planning processes withing existing governance frameworks focusing, in particular, on the level of engagement of local stakeholders. A third theme of the book refers to social equity and how the impacts of forest PAs are distributed among different users. A final theme in the SI refers to potential solutions in order to halt the loss of biodiversity within forest ecosystems. Several directions are proposed by the authors that can be useful for policy makers and practitioners, especially in the context of the 30 by 30 targets.
biodiversity --- ecosystem services --- West Africa --- incentives --- Sustainable Development Goals --- participation --- co-management --- forest users --- benefits --- ACA --- Nepal --- urban forest --- institutional design --- land use planning --- Serbia --- governance --- forests --- environment --- Malawi --- Photovoice --- conservation --- policy --- community-based forest management --- participatory forest management --- biodiversity conservation --- nature conservation policy --- operational environment --- legal --- economic and social factors --- evaluation framework --- protected areas --- Natura 2000 network --- conservation estate --- conservation planning --- bottomland hardwood forest --- deforestation --- isolation --- buffer areas --- Tanzania --- social network analysis (SNA) --- cooperation and conflict networks --- stakeholders’ involvement --- participatory process --- Natura 2000 management Programme --- anthropology --- land use and access --- flexibility --- Bakweri --- Mount Cameroon National Park --- reserve network --- large trees --- snags --- coarse woody debris --- regression model --- habitat conditions --- strict protection --- managed forests --- tree cover loss --- global forest --- State Forests --- nature protection --- financing --- decision making --- responsibility --- implementation of protective measures --- Poland --- silviculture --- timber distribution --- benefit-sharing --- elite --- community forestry --- abiotic dispersal --- animal dispersal --- distance–decay --- forest fragmentation --- sacred forest --- sacred grove --- South Gondar Administrative Zone --- conflict --- national parks --- management --- pandemic --- public health --- wellbeing --- n/a --- stakeholders' involvement --- distance-decay
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This Special Issue "Application of Wood Composites" addresses various aspects of these important wood materials’ use. Topics include the mechanical processing of wood composites, including their cutting, milling, or sanding, incorporating current analysis of wood dust or grain size measurements and the composition of particles; scientific views on the influence of various adhesives in the creation process of wood composites and the analysis of their behavior in contact with various wood elements under different conditions; the analysis of input raw materials forming wood composites, including various wood species, but also non-wood lignocellulosic raw materials; and, last but not least, the analysis of bark, which in recent years has become an important and promising raw material involved in the construction of wood composites. The study of the development of the sliding table saw also suitably complements this Special Issue.
bark --- bonding --- partial liquefaction --- MUF adhesives --- water vapor sorption --- thickness swelling --- wood-based panels --- chestnut --- decay --- defect --- density --- knot --- roughness --- surface --- texture --- quality --- veneer --- hazelnut --- walnut --- shells --- lignocellulosic composites --- UF --- PUR --- formaldehyde content --- oriented strand boards (OSBs) --- fast-growing species, modulus of rupture (MOR) --- modulus of elasticity (MOE) --- internal bond (IB) --- swelling (S) --- water absorption (A) --- biobased resins --- formaldehyde emission --- minerals --- wollastonite --- wood composite panels --- sliding table saw --- spindle --- critical rotational speed --- static stiffness --- dynamic properties --- noise --- sawing of wood composites --- wood composites --- recycled fibres --- bioadhesives --- magnesium lignosulfonate --- corner joints --- bending strength capacity --- birch wood --- chips --- granulometric composition of sawdust and chips --- air handling --- ecological filtration --- tropical wood dust --- granulometric sieve analysis --- morphology shape of particles --- temperature of ignition --- laser cutting --- wood --- cutting parameters --- wood dust --- sanding --- sandpaper --- particle-size distribution --- acetylation --- wood fiber --- strength --- stiffness --- internal bonding strength --- regression --- finite element analysis --- alien plants --- wood plastic composite --- flexural strength --- tensile strength --- swelling --- dimension stability --- scanning electron microscopy --- hardwoods --- extractives --- pH value --- wettability --- PVAc adhesive --- adhesion strength --- particleboard --- three-layer particleboard --- cup plant --- TOF-SIMS --- biomass --- bioresources --- softwood --- hardwood --- belt sander --- abrasion --- beech --- oak --- ash --- hornbeam --- alder --- pine --- spruce --- larch --- n/a
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