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Emotion is a defining aspect of the human condition. Emotions pervade our social and professional lives, they affect our thinking and behavior, and they profoundly shape our relationships and social interactions. Emotions have traditionally been conceptualized and studied as individual phenomena, with research focusing on cognitive and expressive components and on physiological and neurological processes underlying emotional reactions. Over the last two decades, however, an increasing scholarly awareness has emerged that emotions are inherently social – that is, they tend to be elicited by other people, expressed at other people, and regulated to influence other people or to comply with social norms (Fischer & Manstead, 2008; Keltner & Haidt, 1999; Parkinson, 1996; Van Kleef, 2009). Despite this increasing awareness, the inclusion of the social dimension as a fundamental element in emotion research is still in its infancy (Fischer & Van Kleef, 2010). We therefore organized this special Research Topic on the social nature of emotions to review the state of the art in research and methodology and to stimulate theorizing and future research. The emerging field of research into the social nature of emotions has focused on three broad sets of questions. The first set of questions pertains to how social-contextual factors shape the experience, regulation, and expression of emotions. Studies have shown, for instance, that the social context influences the emotions people feel and express (Clark, Fitness, & Brissette, 2004; Doosje, Branscombe, Spears, & Manstead, 2004; Fischer & Evers, 2011). The second set of questions concerns social-contextual influences on the recognition and interpretation of emotional expressions. Studies have shown that facial expressions are interpreted quite differently depending on the social context (e.g., in terms of status, culture, or gender) in which they are expressed (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002; Hess & Fischer, 2013; Mesquita & Markus, 2004; Tiedens, 2001). The third set of questions has to do with the ways in which people respond to the emotional expressions of others, and how such responses are shaped by the social context. Studies have shown that emotional expressions can influence the behavior of others, for instance in group settings (Barsade, 2002; Cheshin, Rafaeli & Bos, 2011; Heerdink, Van Kleef, Homan, & Fischer, 2013), negotiations (Sinaceur & Tiedens, 2006; Van Kleef, De Dreu, & Manstead, 2004), and leadership (Sy, Côté, & Saavedra, 2005; Van Kleef, Homan, Beersma, & Van Knippenberg, 2010). This Research Topic centers around these and related questions regarding the social nature of emotions, thereby highlighting new research opportunities and guiding future directions in the field. We bring together a collection of papers to provide an encyclopedic, open-access snapshot of the current state of the art of theorizing and research on the social nature of emotion. The state of the art work that is presented in this e-book helps advance the understanding of the social nature of emotions. It brings together the latest cutting-edge findings and thoughts on this central topic in emotion science, as it heads toward the next frontier.

emotion processing --- emotion --- affective science --- Group processes --- culture --- emotional expression --- social interaction --- Interpersonal Relations

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One of the distinctive features of humans is their unique sociality. Humans live in organized societies that are characterized by a high level of interdependence of group members in various aspects of life, ranging from the economic phenomenon of labour division to providing emotional support to others. Under these circumstances, the capacity to track social connections within and between groups has great adaptive value in managing everyday life. We may understand the importance and adaptive value of tracking the scope of culturally shared knowledge if we consider the importance of cultural norms in guiding behaviour. To become a competent member of their cultural group one must be able to conform to the group's specific behavioural norms and to accumulate culturally shared knowledge. Acquiring this knowledge is essential for successful social interactions. In contrast to current dominant explanatory theories emphasizing that social category formation is simply rooted in humans’ need to belong and affiliate with a group, the aim of this e-book is to provide evidence that, in addition to its affiliative role, children form social categories for epistemic purposes. We show that children use specific cues, like kinship, patterns of resource allocation and consensus to understand group cohesion (Section 1). Once children figured out who is in-group and who is out-group, they show a significant in-group bias in attention, acting and learning (Section 2). Yet, this in-group bias can be attenuated by induced synchronous behavior (Section 3).

Cognition and culture. --- fairness --- Social categorization --- In-group bias --- understanding social relations --- Group processes --- understanding kinship --- Imitation --- cognitive development --- language as social category cue --- Social learning

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Brainstorming and Beyond describes the techniques for generating ideas verbally, in writing, or through sketches. The first chapter focuses on brainstorming, the foundation method for ideation, which is a complex social process building off of social psychology principles, motivational constructs, and corporate culture. Brainstorming is commonly portrayed as an easy way to generate ideas, but in reality, it is a complex social process that is often flawed in ways that are not self-evident. Chapter 2 discusses Brainwriting, which is a variation on brainstorming in which each person wr

Computer science. --- Human-computer interaction -- Congresses. --- User interfaces (Computer systems) -- Design. --- Brainstorming --- Psychology, Social --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Group Processes --- Social Sciences --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Psychology --- Telecommunications --- Brainstorming. --- Brain storming --- Creative thinking --- Group problem solving

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A comprehensive view of coalition formation is presented here. Each of the chapters gives a summary of theories and research findings in a specific field of interest, at various levels of human and primate organisation.

Coalitions --- Social groups --- Cooperative Behavior --- Group Processes --- Politics --- Conservatism --- Decentralization --- Liberalism --- Political Factors --- Voting --- Political Activity --- Activities, Political --- Activity, Political --- Factor, Political --- Factors, Political --- Political Activities --- Political Factor --- Dissent and Disputes --- Group Meetings --- Group Process --- Group Thinking --- Group Meeting --- Group Thinkings --- Meeting, Group --- Process, Group --- Thinking, Group --- Sociology --- Compliant Behavior --- Behavior, Compliant --- Behavior, Cooperative --- Compliant Behaviors --- Cooperative Behaviors --- Association --- Group dynamics --- Groups, Social --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Social participation --- Coalition (Social sciences) --- Social groups. --- Coalitions.

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"In this book, Whitman Richards offers a novel and provocative proposal for understanding decision making and human behavior. Building on Valentino Braitenberg's famous 'vehicles, ' Richards describes a collection of mental organisms that he calls 'daemons'--virtual correlates of neural modules. Daemons have favored choices and make decisions that control behaviors of the group to which they belong, with each daemon preferring a different outcome. Richards arranges these preferences in graphs, linking similar choices, which thus reinforce each other. 'Anigrafs' refers to these two components--animals, or the mental organisms (agents or daemons), and the graphs that show similarity relations. Together these two components are the basis of a new cognitive architecture. In Richards's account, a collection of daemons compete for control of the cognitive system in which they reside; the challenge is to get the daemons to agree on one of many choices. Richards explores the results of group decisions, emphasizing the Condorcet voting procedure for aggregating preferences. A neural mechanism is proposed. Anigrafs presents a series of group decisions that incorporate simple and complex movements, as well as aspects of cognition and belief. Anigrafs concludes with a section on 'metagrafs, ' which chart relationships between different anigraf models"--MIT CogNet.

Cognition --- Group decision making --- Artificial intelligence --- Mental Processes --- Investigative Techniques --- Computing Methodologies --- Thinking --- Psychology, Social --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Information Science --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Decision Making --- Artificial Intelligence --- Models, Theoretical --- Group Processes --- Social Sciences --- Psychology --- Cognition. --- Group decision making. --- Artificial intelligence. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Collective decision making --- Decision-making, Group --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Decision making --- COMPUTER SCIENCE/Artificial Intelligence --- COGNITIVE SCIENCES/General