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Oxy-fuel combustion is currently considered to be one of the major technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in power plants. The advantages of using oxygen (O2) instead of air for combustion include a CO2-enriched flue gas that is ready for sequestration following purification and low NOx emissions. This simple and elegant technology has attracted considerable attention since the late 1990s, rapidly developing from pilot-scale testing to industrial demonstration. Challenges remain, as O2 supply and CO2 capture create significant energy penalties that must be reduced through overall system

Carbon sequestration. --- Flue gases -- Combustion. --- Gases at high temperatures. --- Flue gases --- Carbon sequestration --- Gases at high temperatures --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Forestry --- Environmental Engineering --- Combustion --- High temperatures --- Carbon capture and storage --- Carbon dioxide sequestration --- CCS (Carbon sequestration) --- Sequestration (Chemistry)

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The high temperatures generated in gases by shock waves give rise to physical and chemical phenomena such as molecular vibrational excitation, dissociation, ionization, chemical reactions and inherently related radiation. In continuum regime, these processes start from the wave front, so that generally the gaseous media behind shock waves may be in a thermodynamic and chemical non-equilibrium state. This book presents the state of knowledge of these phenomena. Thus, the thermodynamic properties of high temperature gases, including the plasma state are described, as well as the kinetics of the various chemical phenomena cited above. Numerous results of measurement and computation of vibrational relaxation times, dissociation and reaction rate constants are given, and various ionization and radiative mechanisms and processes are presented. The coupling between these different phenomena is taken into account as well as their interaction with the flow-field. Particular points such as the case of rarefied flows and the inside of the shock wave itself are also examined. Examples of specific non-equilibrium flows are given, generally corresponding to those encountered during spatial missions or in shock tube experiments.

Engineering. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Shock waves. --- Shock waves --- Gases at high temperatures --- Nonequilibrium thermodynamics --- Gas dynamics --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Applied Physics --- Civil Engineering --- Gases at high temperatures. --- Fluids. --- Thermodynamics. --- Heat engineering. --- Heat transfer. --- Mass transfer. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Engineering Fluid Dynamics. --- Fluid- and Aerodynamics. --- Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer. --- High temperatures --- Shock (Mechanics) --- Waves --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Hydrostatics --- Permeability --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Mass transport (Physics) --- Thermodynamics --- Transport theory --- Heat transfer --- Thermal transfer --- Transmission of heat --- Energy transfer --- Heat --- Mechanical engineering --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory

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This book provides a compact yet comprehensive overview of recent developments in collisional-radiative (CR) modeling of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. It describes advances across the entire field, from basic considerations of model completeness to validation and verification of CR models to calculation of plasma kinetic characteristics and spectra in diverse plasmas. Various approaches to CR modeling are presented, together with numerous examples of applications. A number of important topics, such as atomic models for CR modeling, atomic data and its availability and quality, radiation transport, non-Maxwellian effects on plasma emission, ionization potential lowering, and verification and validation of CR models, are thoroughly addressed. Strong emphasis is placed on the most recent developments in the field, such as XFEL spectroscopy. Written by leading international research scientists from a number of key laboratories, the book offers a timely summary of the most recent progress in this area. It will be a useful and practical guide for students and experienced researchers working in plasma spectroscopy, spectra simulations, and related fields.

Electricity & Magnetism --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- High temperature plasmas. --- Plasma astrophysics. --- Astrophysical plasmas --- Plasmas, Astrophysical --- Hot plasmas --- Plasmas, High temperature --- Gases at high temperatures --- Plasma (Ionized gases) --- Astrophysics --- Plasma Physics. --- Numerical and Computational Physics, Simulation. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Plasma (Ionized gases). --- Physics. --- Astrophysics. --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Gaseous discharge --- Gaseous plasma --- Magnetoplasma --- Ionized gases

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Carbon sequestration. --- Coal gasification. --- Flue gases --- Gases at high temperatures. --- Nitrogen oxides. --- Oxides --- High temperatures --- Stack gases --- Combustion gases --- Factory and trade waste --- Coal --- Gasification of coal --- Carbonization --- Distillation, Destructive --- Gas manufacture and works --- Gas producers --- Carbon capture and storage --- Carbon dioxide sequestration --- CCS (Carbon sequestration) --- Sequestration (Chemistry) --- Combustion. --- Gasification

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This book is devoted to the problem of confinement of energy and particles in tokamak plasmas. The author presents the Canonical Profile Transport Model or CPTM as a rather general mathematical framework to simulate plasma discharges. The description of hot plasmas in a magnetic fusion device is a very challenging task and many plasma properties still lack a physical explanation. One important property is plasma self-organization. It is well known from experiments that the radial profile of the plasma pressure and temperature remains rather unaffected by changes of the deposited power or plasma density. The attractiveness of the CPTM is that it includes the effect of self-organization in the mathematical model without having to recur to particular physical mechanisms. The CPTM model contains one dimensional transport equations for ion and electron temperatures, plasma density and toroidal rotation velocity. These equations are well established but the expressions for the energy, particle and momentum fluxes, including corresponding critical gradients, are new. These critical gradients can be determined using the concept of canonical profiles for the first time formulated in great detail in the book. This concept represents a totally new approach to the description of transport in plasmas. Mathematically, the canonical profiles are formulated as a variational problem. To describe the temporal evolution of the plasma profiles, the Euler equation defining the canonical profiles is solved together with the transport equations at each time step. The author shows that in this way it is possible to describe very different operational scenarios in tokamaks (L-Mode, H-Mode, Advanced Modes, Radiating Improved Modes etc…), using one unique principle. The author illustrates the application of this principle to the simulation of plasmas on leading tokamak devices in the world (JET, MAST, T-10, DIII-D, ASDEX-U, JT-60U). In all cases the small differences between the calculated profiles for the ion and electron temperatures and the experimental is rather confirm the validity of the CPTM. In addition, the model also describes the temperature and density pedestals in the H-mode and non steady-state regimes with current and density ramp up. The proposed model therefore provides a very useful mathematical tool for the analysis of experimental results and for the prediction of plasma parameters in future experiments.

Physics. --- Plasma Physics. --- Mathematical Methods in Physics. --- Nuclear Energy. --- Mathematical physics. --- Physique --- Physique mathématique --- High temperature plasmas. --- Plasma astrophysics. --- Thermodynamics. --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Hot plasmas --- Plasmas, High temperature --- Nuclear energy. --- Plasma (Ionized gases). --- Gases at high temperatures --- Plasma (Ionized gases) --- Physical mathematics --- Mathematics --- Atomic energy --- Atomic power --- Energy, Atomic --- Energy, Nuclear --- Nuclear power --- Power, Atomic --- Power, Nuclear --- Force and energy --- Nuclear physics --- Power resources --- Nuclear engineering --- Nuclear facilities --- Nuclear power plants --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Gaseous discharge --- Gaseous plasma --- Magnetoplasma --- Ionized gases