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Quotient Space Based Problem Solving provides an in-depth treatment of hierarchical problem solving, computational complexity, and the principles and applications of multi-granular computing, including inference, information fusing, planning, and heuristic search. Explains the theory of hierarchical problem solving, its computational complexity, and discusses the principle and applications of multi-granular computing Describes a human-like, theoretical framework using quotient space theory, that will

Granular computing --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Granular computing. --- GC (Computer science) --- Soft computing --- Problem solving.

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The development of the field of membrane guanylate cyclase transduction system has been colorful, filled with exceptional historical events in cellular signaling research. From denial to resurgence, the field has branched in multiple directions. The signal transduction characteristics and signaling elements are unique. The field has established cyclic GMP as an ubiquitous intracellular second messenger, playing a critical role in the control of many physiological processes, including cardiac vasculature, smooth muscle relaxation, blood volume, cellular growth, sensory transduction, neural plasticity, learning and memory. Unlike the three-component design of its predecessor: adenylate cyclase, G-protein and G-protein coupled receptor, the membrane guanylate cyclase transduction system consists of a single entity, a trans-membrane-spanning protein that serves as both a receptor and a signal transducer. Membrane guanylate cyclases exist in multiple forms. Each form translates the captured signal at a structurally conserved core catalytic site that resides in the intracellular domain. Yet the mechanism of capturing the signal is unique to each form. The surface receptor form uses its extracellular domain to capture hormonal signals; the Ca2+-modulated ROS-GC employs its intracellular domains; and the olfactory receptor ONE-GC captures odorant signals at its extracellular domain and amplifies them at multiple intracellular domains. The composition of the hormone receptor form differs from the ROS-GC and ONE-GC forms, consisting of a single polypeptide, that is both a signal receptor and the transducer. In contrast, both ROS-GC and ONE-GC are multi-component systems. A Ca2+ sensing subunit(s) captures the signal and transmits it to a companion guanylate cyclase, that transduces it. Moreover, the modes of signal transduction vary in ROS-GC and ONE-GC. ROS-GC is a direct transducer of Ca2+ signals but the Ca2+ sensors in ONE-GC only amplify the odorant signal received and transmitted by its extracellular domain. An additional refinement is that ROS-GC1 is a bimodal Ca2+ switch, turned “OFF” as intracellular [Ca2+] rises above 75 nM, but then turned back “ON” when [Ca2+] exceeds 345 nM. These modes occur uniquely in the outer segments and synapses of cones in rodent retinas. In a new paradigm change, the dogma has been shattered that the ANF hormone receptor guanylate cyclase, ANF-RGC, is the specific transducer of ANF alone. It is now known that ANF-RGC also transduces a Ca2+ signal. Ca2+ captured by its sensor neurocalcin δ (NCδ) directly activates the catalytic module of ANF-RGC. Accordingly, and impressively, targeted gene-deletion mouse model studies demonstrate that both pathways are linked with blood pressure regulation. Their disruption causes hypertension. Thus the ANF-RGC combines features of hormone receptor and ROS-GC forms of membrane guanylate cyclases. These studies also broaden the classification of the Ca2+ sensors. NCδ, classified as a neuronal calcium sensor, is more widespread. The general theme of this Research Topic is to present a comprehensive coverage of the expanding role being played by this beautifully designed transduction machinery. The reviews will cover its history to its present status, move on to theoretical and experimental investigations propelling the field in future directions, and provide illustrations where the field contributes to clinical medicine.

Animal Biochemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Glaucoma --- Visceral Pain --- Calcium --- membrane guanylate cyclase --- ANF-RGC --- Gene Therapy --- Cyclic GMP --- synaptic plasticity --- trafficking --- ROS-GC

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The field of Soft Computing in Humanities and Social Sciences is at a turning point. The strong distinction between “science” and “humanities” has been criticized from many fronts and, at the same time, an increasing cooperation between the so-called “hard sciences” and “soft sciences” is taking place in a wide range of scientific projects dealing with very complex and interdisciplinary topics. In the last fifteen years the area of Soft Computing has also experienced a gradual rapprochement to disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences, and also in the field of Medicine, Biology and even the Arts, a phenomenon that did not occur much in the previous years.   The collection of this book presents a generous sampling of the new and burgeoning field of Soft Computing in Humanities and Social Sciences, bringing together a wide array of authors and subject matters from different disciplines. Some of the contributors of the book belong to the scientific and technical areas of Soft Computing while others come from various fields in the humanities and social sciences such as Philosophy, History, Sociology or Economics.   Rudolf Seising received a Ph.D. degree in philosophy of science and a postdoctoral lecture qualification (PD) in history of science from the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich. He is an Adjoint Researcher at the European Centre for Soft Computing in Mieres (Asturias), Spain.   Veronica Sanz earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy at the University Complutense of Madrid (Spain). At the moment she is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Science, Technology and Society Center in the University of California at Berkeley.   Veronica Sanz earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy at the University Complutense of Madrid (Spain). At the moment she is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Science, Technology and Society Center in the University of California at Berkeley.

Soft computing --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Soft computing. --- Granular computing. --- GC (Computer science) --- Engineering. --- Computational intelligence. --- Computational Intelligence. --- Intelligence, Computational --- Artificial intelligence --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Cognitive computing --- Electronic data processing --- Computational intelligence

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The analysis of food and food by-products is a particularly important topic dealing with the development and application of various analytical procedures and methods determining the properties and safety of food and food constituents. It is an important tool not only for defining food quality but also for supporting the investigation of new food products and technologies. The continuous development of methodology and access to modern research equipment enable detailed research on the composition, structure, physicochemical properties, thermal characteristics, and stability of food products and, recently, also byproducts of the food industry, which are potentially a source of bioactive compounds and currently present little commercial value and are mostly disposed of as an industrial waste. It is imperative to identify the properties and potential applications of food by-products, which would fit in with current trends in circular ecology. Taking the aforementioned reasons into account, it is important to present procedures and instrumental analytical techniques and methods commonly used to analyze food and food processing byproducts and to discuss their application in food research to detect and characterize specific food components of significance to food science and technology, such as lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

lycopene --- optical system --- colorimeter --- spectroscopy --- images --- HPLC --- fruit gel --- aeration --- drying --- sorption isotherms --- glass transition --- maltodextrin --- raw meat cat diet --- essential fatty acids --- fatty acids profile --- fatty acids distribution --- oxidative stability --- traditional sausages --- chemical composition --- near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy --- calibration --- validation --- Yarrowia lipolytica --- microbial lipids --- phosphorus limitation --- nitrogen limitation --- cider --- dry hopping --- gas chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- solid phase microextraction --- volatiles --- clove buds --- juniper berries --- lemon peels --- fatty acid composition --- GC–MS --- GC–TOF–MS --- cream --- fermentation --- glass transition temperature --- freeze-dried strawberries --- milk and dark chocolate --- MDSC --- berry fruit by-products --- alternative extraction methods --- waste management --- green extraction --- PEF-assisted extraction --- ultrasound-assisted extraction --- edible functional oils --- food identity --- phytochemicals’ profile --- gas- and liquid chromatography --- chemometrics --- metabolomics --- gamma-decalactone --- separation --- solvent extraction --- hydrodistillation --- adsorption --- Amberlite XAD-4 --- amaranth oil --- quinoa oil --- DSC --- Rancimat --- pork loin --- sous vide --- physicochemical properties --- microbiological quality --- sensory quality --- n/a --- GC-MS --- GC-TOF-MS --- phytochemicals' profile

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The detection and quantification of with high precision nucleic acid biomarkers and protein biomarkers in resource-limited settings is key to the early diagnosis of diseases and for monitoring the effects of treatments. As there is an enormous demand for high-quality biomarker detection platforms that are robust and highly applicable in resource-limited settings, this book is devoted to exploring methods for detection and quantification of biomarkers, focusing on the recent advances in this field.

SERS --- LPS --- bacteria --- endotoxin --- lipid A --- silver nanorods --- creatinine --- ZnO nanowires --- piezo-enzymatic-reaction effect --- self-powered biosensor --- immunosensors --- electrochemical immunosensors --- biosensors --- voltammetric immunosensors --- amperometric immunosensors --- impedimetric immunosensors --- eletrochemiluminescent immunosensors --- cysteine --- biothiols --- cystinuria --- portable --- fluorimeter --- bio-imaging --- cancer --- bladder cancer --- prostate cancer --- urinary biomarkers --- urinary VOCs --- machine olfaction --- GC-IMS --- GC-TOF-MS --- cancer markers --- immune checkpoints --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- high-aspect-ratio microfluidic channel --- parallelogram cross-section --- monodisperse droplet --- droplet generation