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During the First World War, the parliaments of the states involved in the conflict were, in most cases, forced to drastically limit their activity and were often precluded the possibility of fully exercising their prerogatives. More generally the spaces of freedom granted to the citizens, of which the parliamentary institution was the brightest symbol, shrank dramatically. At the same time, the power of military commands expanded, not only in trenches and on battlefields, but also in many areas of civilian life. However, in the final years of the war, the Parliaments succeeded not only in gradually regaining control, but also in pushing for an extension of their functions, initiating a process that in many states coincided with the transition from a liberal order to a full democratic order. The years of the "long" postwar period were however dense with contradictions. Legislative and executive law often grew together, while in some cases the imperative logic imposed for a long time in wartime re-emerged and consolidated. This volume, which examines several national cases, illustrates some of the ambivalent features of this dramatic phase of European history.

Military Power --- Welfare State --- First World War --- Parliaments --- Royal Prerogative

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This volume provides a comprehensive reinterpretation of the 1916 Central Asian Revolt - a key event in the history of Central Asia, the Russian Empire and the First World War.

Asia, Central --- History --- 1916. --- Central Asia. --- First World War. --- Kazakh. --- Kyrgyz. --- Russia. --- revolution.

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Drawing on a broad range of personal accounts, this is the first detailed study of siblinghood in wartime. The relative youth of the fighting men of the Great War intensified the emotional salience of sibling relationships. Long separations, trauma and bereavement tested sibling ties forged through shared childhoods, family practices, commitments and interests. We must not equate the absence of a verbal language of love with an absence of profound feelings. Quieter familial values of kindness, tolerance and unity, instilled by parents and reinforced by moral instruction, strengthened bonds between brothers and sisters. Examining the nexus of cultural and familial emotional norms, this study reveals the complex acts of mediation undertaken by siblings striving to reconcile conflicting obligations to society, the army and loved ones in families at home. Brothers enlisted and served together. Siblings witnessed departures and homecomings, shared family responsibilities, confided their anxieties and provided mutual support from a distance via letters and parcels. The strength soldier-brothers drew from each other came at an emotional cost to themselves and their comrades. The seismic casualties of the First World War proved a watershed moment in the culture of mourning and bereavement. Grief narratives reveal distinct patterns of mourning following the death of a loved sibling, suggesting a greater complexity to male grief than is often acknowledged. Surviving siblings acted as memory keepers, circumventing the anonymisation of the dead in public commemorations by restoring the particular war stories of their brothers.

Fiction / Historical / World War I --- First World War. --- brothers and sisters. --- emotions. --- family relationships. --- grief. --- masculinities. --- memory. --- siblings. --- soldiers. --- youth.

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Walter Nicolai war Chef des deutschen militärischen Nachrichtendienstes im Ersten Weltkrieg. Bis heute ist er allenfalls Fachleuten bekannt. Sein Aufgabenfeld wuchs mit der Totalisierung des Krieges stetig an. Nicht nur in der Spionage und ihrer Abwehr spielte Nicolai eine zentrale Rolle, sondern bald auch in der Propaganda des Kaiserreichs. 1918 galt er als "Graue Eminenz" in der Obersten Heeresleitung von Hindenburg und Ludendorff. Doch wer war der Mann, der Mata Hari führte? Nicolais persönliche Aufzeichnungen lagen seit 1945 im Moskauer "Sonderarchiv" verborgen. Die wissenschaftliche Edition dieser Dokumente lässt nun wichtige Themen der Weltkriegsforschung, wie den Geheimdienst, die Pressepolitik und die Persönlichkeiten im Großen Hauptquartier, in neuem Licht erscheinen.

Mata Hari. --- Oberste Heeresleitung im Ersten Weltkrieg. --- Spionage. --- Supreme Army Command in the First World War. --- espionage. --- Nicolai, W.

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Recent discussion, academic publications and many of the national exhibitions relating to the Great War at sea have focussed on capital ships, Jutland and perhaps U-boats. Very little has been published about the crucial role played by fishermen, fishing vessels and coastal communities all round the British Isles. Yet fishermen and armed fishing craft were continually on the maritime front line throughout the conflict; they formed the backbone of the Auxiliary Patrol and were in constant action against-U-boats or engaged on unrelenting minesweeping duties. Approximately 3000 fishing vessels were requisitioned and armed by the Admiralty and more than 39,000 fishermen joined the Trawler Section of the Royal Naval Reserve. The class and cultural gap between working fishermen and many RN officers was enormous. This book examines the multifaceted role that fishermen and the fish trade played throughout the conflict. It examines the reasons why, in an age of dreadnoughts and other high-tech military equipment, so many fishermen and fishing vessels were called upon to play such a crucial role in the littoral war against mines and U-boats, not only around the British Isles but also off the coasts of various other theatres of war. It will analyse the nature of the fishing industry's war-time involvement and also the contribution that non-belligerent fishing vessels continued to play in maintaining the beleaguered nation's food supplies.

World War, 1914-1918 --- Fishers --- Anglers --- Fishermen --- Persons --- Naval operations, British. --- History --- Sports persons --- Sportspersons --- fishing --- port --- history --- sea --- first world war --- great war --- maritime --- harbour