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Pancreatic ribonuclease, the focus of highly productive scientific research for more than half a century and the only enzyme to be the basis of four Nobel prizes, has recently undergone a resurgence in popularity for the recognition of an extended ribonuclease superfamily with functions ranging from tumour growth and inhibition to self-recognition and neurotoxicity. This volume highlights the functional diversity of ribonucleases and reveals the emerging research opportunities provided by these enzymes.* Never before has discussion of the entire family of ribonucleases and related

Nucleoproteins. --- Ribonucleases. --- Ribonucleases--Structure-activity relationships. --- RNA. --- Ribonucleases --- Structure-Activity Relationship --- Esterases --- Pharmacological Phenomena --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Hydrolases --- Physiological Phenomena --- Chemical Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Animal Biochemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Structure-activity relationships --- Nucleases. --- Structure-activity relationships. --- RNases --- Nucleases

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Research into the paraoxonase (PON) multigene family has really only blossomed in the last 10 years. Before this time only PON1 was known and research was restricted to toxicologists investigating the metabolism of organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases and a few “mad” scientists searching for “natural” substrates. Since this time two new members PON2 and PON3 have been discovered, all 3 PONs have been shown to act as antioxidants and the PON family has taken centre stage as major players in the development of a wide variety of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, Alzheimer and many more while remaining important in determining organophosphate toxicity. In September 2006 the 2nd International Conference on Paraoxonases took place in Hajdúszoboszló, Hungary, bringing together the world's foremost experts in the field. The current book is a distillation of the plenary lectures which took place at the meeting, resulting in a comprehensive up to date, state of the art review of current paraoxonase research.

Paraoxonase --- Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Aromatic esterase --- Arylesterase --- Esterases --- Composition --- Internal medicine. --- Cardiology. --- Diabetes. --- Metabolic diseases. --- Internal Medicine. --- Metabolic Diseases. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Disorders of metabolism --- Metabolic diseases --- Metabolic disorders --- Metabolism, Disorders of --- Diseases --- Brittle diabetes --- Diabetes mellitus --- IDDM (Disease) --- Insulin-dependent diabetes --- Ketosis prone diabetes --- Type 1 diabetes --- Carbohydrate intolerance --- Endocrine glands --- Diabetic acidosis --- Glycosylated hemoglobin --- Heart --- Internal medicine --- Medicine, Internal --- Medicine --- Medical biochemistry. --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Pathology

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Ribonucleases are a ubiquitous and functionally diverse group of enzymes that have a common ability to cleave RNA. Either through scission of internal phosphodiesters, or removal of nucleotides from RNA 5’ or 3’ ends, ribonucleases perform essential roles in gene expression and regulation, genome replication and maintenance, host defense, stress response, and viral strategies of infection. Ribonucleases have also served as highly informative models to understand virtually every aspect of biomolecular structure and function. The fifteen chapters in this volume are written by recognized researchers in the field, and provide in-depth analyses of the major ribonuclease families. Particular focus is given to the relation of ribonuclease structure and mechanism to biological function, as well as ribonuclease dysfunction in certain disease states. Other topics include the evolutionary genetics and functional diversification of ribonucleases, engineered ribonucleases as anti-cancer agents, the mechanisms of action of artificial ribonucleases, and ribonucleases as models to understand protein folding and stability. This volume should serve as an essential reference for a broad range of researchers and educators with interests in RNA metabolism, enzymology, and gene regulation.

Ribonucleases -- Structure-activity relationships. --- Ribonucleases. --- Ribonucleases --- Esterases --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Hydrolases --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Physiology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- RNases --- Life sciences. --- Molecular biology. --- Nucleic acids. --- Enzymology. --- Cell biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Cell Biology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Nucleases --- Enzymes. --- Cytology. --- Medicine. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Biocatalysts --- Ferments --- Soluble ferments --- Catalysts --- Proteins --- Enzymology --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biophysics --- Systems biology --- Biomaterials. --- Medicine --- Nucleic Acid. --- Biomedical Research. --- Research. --- Biological research --- Biomedical research

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Phospholipases generate lipid signaling molecules through their hydrolytic action on phospholipids and are known to regulate function of a variety of cells under normal and diseased conditions. While several physiological, biochemical and molecular techniques have identified key players involved in different disease processes, phospholipases have also emerged as critical players in the pathogenesis of a number of different diseases including cancer and heart disease. In addition, phospholipases are also implicated in such conditions as brain disorder/injury, kidney and immune cell dysfunction. Phospholipases in Health and Disease is a compilation of review articles dedicated to the study of the field with respect to biochemical and molecular mechanisms of normal and abnormal cell function. The wide range of area covered here is of interest to basic research scientists, clinicians and graduate students, who are engaged in studying pathophysiological basis of a variety of diseases. Furthermore, this book highlights the potential of the different phospholipases as therapeutic targets as well as part of prevention strategies. Twenty three articles in this book are organized in four sections that are designed to emphasize the most characterized forms of the phospholipases in mammalian cells. The first section discusses general aspect of phospholipases. Section two covers the role and function of phospholipase A in different pathophysiological conditions. The third section is focussed on phospholipase C which is believed to play a central role in transmembrane signaling. The final section covers phospholipase D which is present in a variety of different cells. The book illustrates that the activation of phospholipases is of fundamental importance in signal transduction affecting cell function. Overall, this book discusses the diverse mechanisms of phospholipase mediated signal transduction in different pathophysiological conditions and raises the possibility of specific forms of phospholipases serving as novel targets for drug development.

Phospholipases. --- Life sciences. --- Enzymology. --- Receptors. --- Biochemistry --- Enzymes --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Esterases --- Lipids. --- Medicine. --- Enzymes. --- Cell receptors. --- Neurosciences. --- Cell membranes. --- Lipidology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Membrane Biology. --- Cell surfaces --- Cytoplasmic membranes --- Plasma membranes --- Plasmalemma --- Membranes (Biology) --- Glycocalyces --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Cell membrane receptors --- Cell surface receptors --- Receptors, Cell --- Binding sites (Biochemistry) --- Cell membranes --- Proteins --- Biocatalysts --- Ferments --- Soluble ferments --- Catalysts --- Enzymology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Lipides --- Lipins --- Lipoids --- Biomolecules --- Steroids --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biology. --- Proteins . --- Cell membranes . --- Proteids --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biophysics --- Systems biology --- Medicine --- Biology --- Proteins. --- Biological transport. --- Biomedical Research. --- Neuroscience. --- Membrane Trafficking. --- Research. --- Membrane transport --- Passive transport, Biological --- Physiological transport --- Transport, Biological --- Diffusion --- Osmosis --- Biological research --- Biomedical research

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This volume focuses on recent advances in the biochemical and molecular analysis of different families of phospholipases in plants and their roles in signaling plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic cues.   The hydrolysis of membrane lipids by phospholipases produces different classes of lipid mediators, including phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, lysophospholipids, free fatty acids, and oxylipins.  Phospholipases are grouped into different families and subfamilies according to their site of hydrolysis, substrate usage, and sequence similarities.  Activating one or more of these enzymes often constitutes an early, critical step in many regulatory processes, such as signal transduction, vesicular trafficking, secretion, and cytoskeletal rearrangements.  Lipid-based signaling plays pivotal roles in plant stress responses, cell size, shape, growth, apoptosis, proliferation, and reproduction.

Lipids -- Physiology. --- Plant lipids. --- Plants -- Chemistry. --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Botany --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Plant Physiology --- Animal Biochemistry --- Phospholipases. --- Plant cell interaction. --- Life sciences. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Lipids. --- Plant pathology. --- Plant physiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Lipidology. --- Plant Pathology. --- Cell interaction --- Plant cellular control mechanisms --- Esterases --- Biochemistry. --- Plant diseases. --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Lipides --- Lipins --- Lipoids --- Biomolecules --- Steroids --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Composition --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics --- Plant cellular signal transduction.