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"In 2005, the National Academies released the book, Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, which offered a common set of ethical standards for a field that, due to the absence of comprehensive federal funding, was lacking national standards for research. In order to keep the Guidelines up to date, given the rapid pace of scientific and policy developments in the field of stem cell research, the Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Advisory Committee was established in 2006 with support from The Ellison Medical Foundation, The Greenwall Foundation, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. As it did in 2007 and 2008, the Committee identified issues that warranted revision, and this book addresses those issues in a third and final set of amendments. Specifically, this book sets out an updated version of the National Academies' Guidelines, one that takes into account the new, expanded role of the NIH in overseeing hES cell research. It also identifies those avenues of continuing National Academies' involvement deemed most valuable by the research community and other significant stakeholders."--Publisher's description.

Embryonic stem cells --- Human embryo --- Research.

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The formation of a complex multicellular organism from a single cell is one of the most amazing processes of biology. Embryonic development is characterised by the careful regulation of cellular behaviours such that cells proliferate, migrate, differentiate and form tissues at the correct place and time. These processes are genetically controlled and depend both on the history of cells, their lineage, and on the activities of signalling pathways, which coordinate the cell interactions leading to organogenesis. The aim of the Frontiers research topic “Signalling pathways in embryonic development” has been to provide a forum for experts in cell and developmental biology to share recent advances in the field of signalling during embryonic development. Sixteen articles in a variety of formats are united in this Topic, offering a valuable collection for researchers looking for an update in the knowledge of signalling pathways operating during embryogenesis. The works, focused mainly on vertebrates, explore different aspects of this theme from cell communication to organ formation and have implications for areas as distant as evolution or pathology. Understanding developmental signalling pathways is important for several reasons. It gives us information about basic mechanisms of cell function and interactions needed for morphogenesis and organogenesis. It uncovers the basis of congenital malformations, since errors at any step of cell signalling during development are a major cause of defects. This fundamental insight gives us clues to understand the mechanisms operating in evolution that explain diversity in form and function. And finally, it allows the identification of possible causes of disease in the adult organism (such as cancer or degenerative diseases) pinpointing possible targets for therapeutic approaches.

development --- Shh --- Fgf --- Notch --- embryo --- Signalling --- organogenesis --- Wnt

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Too tiny to see with the naked eye, the human embryo was just a hypothesis until the microscope made observation of embryonic development possible. This changed forever our view of the minuscule cluster of cells that looms large in questions about the meaning of life. Embryos under the Microscope examines how our scientific understanding of the embryo has evolved from the earliest speculations of natural philosophers to today's biological engineering, with its many prospects for life-enhancing therapies. Jane Maienschein shows that research on embryos has always revealed possibilities that appear promising to some but deeply frightening to others, and she makes a persuasive case that public understanding must be informed by up-to-date scientific findings. Direct observation of embryos greatly expanded knowledge but also led to disagreements over what investigators were seeing. Biologists confirmed that embryos are living organisms undergoing rapid change and are not in any sense functioning persons. They do not feel pain or have any capacity to think until very late stages of fetal development. New information about DNA led to discoveries about embryonic regulation of genetic inheritance, as well as evolutionary relationships among species. Scientists have learned how to manipulate embryos in the lab, taking them apart, reconstructing them, and even synthesizing--practically from scratch--cells, body parts, and maybe someday entire embryos. Showing how we have learned what we now know about the biology of embryos, Maienschein changes our view of what it means to be alive.

Embryology, Human --- Human embryo --- Developmental biology --- Development (Biology) --- Biology --- Growth --- Ontogeny --- Embryo, Human --- Human embryology --- Embryology --- Human biology --- Human reproduction

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Reproduction --- Molecular biology --- Molecular genetics --- Embryology --- Biologie moléculaire --- Génétique moléculaire --- Embryologie --- Embryology. --- Molecular biology. --- Molecular genetics. --- Reproduction. --- Amphimixis --- Generation --- Pangenesis --- Procreation --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Animal embryology --- Animals --- Development, Embryological --- Development, Embryonic --- Development, Zygotic --- Embryogenesis --- Embryogeny --- Embryological development --- Embryonic development --- Zoology --- Zygote development --- Zygotes --- Zygotic development --- Zygotic embryogenesis --- Development --- Biology --- Life (Biology) --- Physiology --- Sex (Biology) --- Generative organs --- Theriogenology --- Genetics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Developmental biology --- Morphology (Animals) --- Embryos --- Embryonic and Fetal Development. --- Germ Cells --- growth & development. --- Human Reproductive Index --- Human Reproductive Indexes --- Reproductive Period --- Human Reproductive Indices --- Index, Human Reproductive --- Indexes, Human Reproductive --- Indices, Human Reproductive --- Period, Reproductive --- Periods, Reproductive --- Reproductive Index, Human --- Reproductive Indices, Human --- Reproductive Periods --- Prenatal Programming --- Embryo and Fetal Development --- Programming, Prenatal --- Developmental Biology --- Beginning of Human Life --- Embryonic Development. --- Fetal Development. --- Germ Cells. --- Germ Line --- Gametes --- Germ-Line Cells --- Cell, Germ --- Cell, Germ-Line --- Cells, Germ --- Cells, Germ-Line --- Germ Cell --- Germ Line Cells --- Germ Lines --- Germ-Line Cell --- Fetal Growth --- Fetal Programming --- Development, Fetal --- Fetal Programmings --- Growth, Fetal --- Fetus --- Embryonic Programming --- Post-implantation Embryo Development --- Postnidation Embryo Development --- Postnidation Embryo Development, Animal --- Pre-implantation Embryo Development --- Prenidation Embryo Development, Animal --- Embryo Development --- Postimplantation Embryo Development --- Preimplantation Embryo Development --- Development, Embryo --- Development, Postnidation Embryo --- Embryo Development, Post-implantation --- Embryo Development, Postimplantation --- Embryo Development, Postnidation --- Embryo Development, Pre-implantation --- Embryo Development, Preimplantation --- Embryonic Developments --- Embryonic Programmings --- Post implantation Embryo Development --- Pre implantation Embryo Development --- Embryo, Mammalian --- Embryo, Nonmammalian --- growth & development

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Carl Edward Sagan’s (1934-1996) one of the famous quotation was “Who are we? We find that we live on an insignificant planet of a humdrum star lost in a galaxy tucked away in some forgotten corner of a universe in which there are far more galaxies than people.“ From past to date, well-known molecules, enzymes, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are studied in the pathogenesis of several diseases both as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and therapeutic agent. The underlying mechanism of unexplained diseases and failure of therapies are frequently studied with well-known biomarkers, but remain unclear in many cases. As Dr. Sagan said other keys are still waiting to be known in some forgotten corner of a body universe, we find strength to propose that one of them can be the growth factor with cytokine activity named “Midkine” This book summarizes the extensive up-to-date literature overview with the latest work of experts about midkine in a detailed format that conveys its role as both a pathologic factor and therapeutic agent.

Cytokines. --- Embryology. --- Medicine. --- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins --- Embryonic and Fetal Development --- Proteins --- Morphogenesis --- Reproduction --- Biological Factors --- Peptides --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Growth and Development --- Reproductive Physiological Processes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Reproductive Physiological Phenomena --- Physiological Processes --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomena --- Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Embryonic Development --- Carrier Proteins --- Cytokines --- Genetic regulation. --- Pharmacy. --- Pathology. --- Disease (Pathology) --- Gene expression --- Gene expression regulation --- Gene regulation --- Regulation --- Life sciences. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Chemistry --- Medicine --- Drugs --- Materia medica --- Pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Diseases --- Medicine, Preventive --- Biosynthesis --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Molecular genetics --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Carrier Proteins. --- Embryonic Development. --- physiology. --- therapeutic use. --- Embryonic Programming --- Post-implantation Embryo Development --- Postnidation Embryo Development --- Postnidation Embryo Development, Animal --- Pre-implantation Embryo Development --- Prenidation Embryo Development, Animal --- Embryo Development --- Embryogenesis --- Postimplantation Embryo Development --- Preimplantation Embryo Development --- Development, Embryo --- Development, Embryonic --- Development, Postnidation Embryo --- Embryo Development, Post-implantation --- Embryo Development, Postimplantation --- Embryo Development, Postnidation --- Embryo Development, Pre-implantation --- Embryo Development, Preimplantation --- Embryonic Developments --- Embryonic Programmings --- Post implantation Embryo Development --- Pre implantation Embryo Development --- Embryo, Mammalian --- Embryo, Nonmammalian --- Binding Protein --- Binding Proteins --- Transport Proteins --- Protein, Binding --- Proteins, Binding --- Proteins, Carrier --- Proteins, Transport --- Protein Binding --- Receptors, Transferrin --- growth & development --- Carrier Protein --- Transport Protein --- Protein, Carrier --- Protein, Transport --- Biomedicine, general.