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Wie ist es zu erklären, dass sich die bewaffneten Repressalien den Normierungsbemühungen seit dem 19. Jh. entzogen, während diese nicht-kriegerische Maßnahme ein sensibles Thema im Völkerrecht darstellte? Ausgehend vom mittelalterlichen Repressalienrecht und seiner schwindenden Geltung in der Neuzeit beweist die Untersuchung, dass die Großmächte diese Gewaltanwendung in Friedenszeiten zum Privileg machten und sie in einer völkerrechtlichen Grauzone beließen. Dies ermöglichte es, militärische Repressalienhandlungen gegen kleine Staaten durchzuführen, ohne die Folgen eines formellen Krieges zu tragen. Die Arbeit erläutert die zögerliche Haltung der Rechtslehre und zeigt, warum der Völkerbund in dem Versuch scheiterte, dieses Problem zu lösen.

Reprisals. --- Counter measures (International law) --- Countermeasures (International law) --- Embargo --- War, Maritime (International law)

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This book presents a cutting-edge analysis of the economic effects and challenges of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, with a special focus on EU sanctions on Russian energy exports and Ukraine’s political relationship with the European Union in a global context. Key macroeconomic perspectives on the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine are outlined, highlighting in particular how sanctions imposed by the international community will have a wider economic impact than what has been envisaged thus far. The book discusses the effects of Russian gas supply boycotts against Western countries as well as the global effects of an EU energy import boycott on Russia, especially for the Asian continent. An innovative proposal to cut electricity prices is presented. It also explores the challenges to relations between the EU, China and Russia caused by the invasion, the effects of the unfolding refugee crisis (within a post-Brexit EU), military and humanitarian aid pledges to Ukraine, and the risks of reduced multilateralism within the world economy as a direct result of the war. The book also analyzes the risks and benefits of a potential enlargement of the EU to integrate Ukraine as a member state. The topics covered by the book are all set within a long-run view of diplomatic and economic relations between the West, Russia and Ukraine. The factors analyzed here provide a new, broader picture of the international effects of the conflict, as well as its potential implications for policy design as we enter a new global order marked by the Russo-Ukrainian war. The book will be of interest to researchers and policymakers working in International Economics, New Political Economy, European politics and integration, and macroeconomics more broadly. Paul J. J. Welfens is a long-time researcher of Russian economic development and European integration as well as an expert on EU-US and EU-China economic relations. He is President of the European Institute for International Economic Relations (EIIW) at the University of Wuppertal, where he also holds the Jean Monnet Chair in European Economic Integration and the Chair of Macroeconomic Theory and Policy. He is also a Non-Resident Senior Research Fellow at AICGS/Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC.

Embargo. --- International economic relations. --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Embargo --- Trade embargo --- Sanctions (International law) --- Blockade --- Law and legislation --- Economics. --- Power resources. --- Europe—Economic conditions. --- Asia—Economic conditions. --- Political Economy and Economic Systems. --- International Economics. --- Natural Resource and Energy Economics. --- European Economics. --- Asian Economics. --- Energy --- Energy resources --- Power supply --- Natural resources --- Energy harvesting --- Energy industries --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man

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Foreign affairs practitioners and policy analysts claim that international arms embargoes usually fail due to the lack of political will among national governments to implement and enforce these restrictions. This volume confronts this critique directly, first by describing a more nuanced assessment of success, and then by presenting well-informed empirical and case-study chapters that reveal arms embargoes to be more effective than often understood. The chapters in this book examine some of the more complex cases of arms embargoes such as Iraq, Pakistan, Angola, Liberia and the Great Lakes region of Africa. Readers will find data and assessments not available in prior studies, as well as frameworks that can be replicated in future research. The book concludes with policy suggestions for how arms embargoes might be strengthened and their political objectives more readily attained.

Arms control. --- Disarmament. --- Embargo. --- International relations. --- Sanctions (International law). --- Security, International. --- Collective security --- International security --- Security, International --- Arms race --- Disarmament --- Military readiness --- International relations --- International organization --- Peace --- Political Science --- Arms negotiation & control. --- Peace studies & conflict resolution. --- International Relations --- Arms Control. --- Peace.

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The monograph deals with the embargo, which was imposed by the papacy and the Catholic lay powers upon all trade and commerce with the Czech Hussites between 1420 and 1436. The author explores this anti-Hussite embargo by showing how it was enforced and how the political agents involved used it as a tool of governance and propaganda. The book presents a new, holistic view of the anti-Hussite trade embargo as a complex historical phenomenon, thus contributing to the political, economic and cultural history as much as to the history of everyday life in early 15th century Central Europe.

History / Europe --- History --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Bohemia, Hussites, Economy, War, Trade, Trade Embargo --- Böhmen, Hussiten, Wirtschaft, Krieg, Handel, Handelsverbot --- Sigismund, --- Martin --- Catholic Church --- Relations --- Holy Roman Empire --- Bohemia (Czech Republic) --- Catholic Church. --- Economic conditions --- Martinus --- Colonna, Oddo, --- Colonna, Ottone, --- Colonna, Oddone --- Martino --- Zygmunt Luksemburski, --- Siegmund, --- Sigmund, --- Zsigmond, --- Zikmund Lucemburský, --- Žigmund Luxemburský, --- Church of Rome --- Roman Catholic Church --- Katholische Kirche --- Katolyt︠s︡ʹka t︠s︡erkva --- Römisch-Katholische Kirche --- Römische Kirche --- Ecclesia Catholica --- Eglise catholique --- Eglise catholique-romaine --- Katolicheskai︠a︡ t︠s︡erkovʹ --- Chiesa cattolica --- Iglesia Católica --- Kościół Katolicki --- Katolicki Kościół --- Kościół Rzymskokatolicki --- Nihon Katorikku Kyōkai --- Katholikē Ekklēsia --- Gereja Katolik --- Kenesiyah ha-Ḳatolit --- Kanisa Katoliki --- כנסיה הקתולית --- כנסייה הקתולית --- 가톨릭교 --- 천주교 --- Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation --- Heiliges Römisches Reich --- Svi︠a︡shchennai︠a︡ Rimskai︠a︡ Imperii︠a︡ --- Imperium Romano Germanicum --- S.R.I. --- Sacrum Romanum Imperium --- Austria --- Germany

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The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. Are unilateral economic sanctions legal under public international law? How do they relate to the existing international legal principles and norms? Can unilateral economic sanctions imposed to redress grave human rights violations be subjected to the same legal contestations as other unilateral sanctions? What potential contribution can the recently formulated doctrine of the Common Concern of Humankind make by introducing substantive and procedural prerequisites to legitimise unilateral human rights sanctions? Unilateral Sanctions in International Law and the Enforcement of Human Rights by Iryna Bogdanova addresses these complex questions while taking account of the burgeoning state practice of employing unilateral economic sanctions.

Economic sanctions. --- International law and human rights. --- Sanctions (International law) --- International sanctions (International law) --- Penalties (International law) --- International law --- Human rights and international law --- Human rights --- Economic sanctions --- Sanctions, Economic --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Law and legislation --- international law. --- human rights. --- economic sanctions. --- international sanctions. --- internationale sanctie --- међународне санкције --- internationale Sanktion --- sancțiuni internaționale --- kansainvälinen pakote --- mednarodne sankcije --- starptautiskas sankcijas --- sanzjonijiet internazzjonali --- nemzetközi szankciók --- международни санкции --- διεθνείς κυρώσεις --- international sanktion --- smachtbhannaí idirnáisiúnta --- sanction internationale --- mezinárodní sankce --- sankcje międzynarodowe --- меѓународни санкции --- sanción internacional --- sanção internacional --- sanksione ndërkombëtare --- međunarodne sankcije --- sanzione internazionale --- medzinárodné sankcie --- tarptautinės sankcijos --- internationella sanktioner --- rahvusvaheline sanktsioon --- boicot --- represalije --- bloqueo --- embargó --- embargo internacional --- boykot --- boicottaggio --- represálie --- репресалии --- bojkot --- бојкот --- Blockade --- kaubandusembargo --- represálias --- μποϋκοτάζ --- represalijos --- raprezalje --- bllokadë --- blocco --- blockade --- boikotti --- blokade --- embargas --- boikotas --- blokada --- bloqueio --- reprisals --- blokád --- saarto --- boycottage --- blocadă --- boycott --- odvetné opatrenia --- boycot --- represailles --- rappresaglia --- блокада --- ембарго --- odvetná opatření --- represalias --- repressalier --- Boykott --- kauppasaarto --- reparācija --- blockad --- kostotoimet --- εμπάργκο --- boikott --- surveabinõu --- bojkotování --- Embargo --- blocus --- represszáliák --- οικονομικός αποκλεισμός --- Repressalie --- blokāde --- blokáda --- αποκλεισμός --- boicote --- représailles --- blokkade --- embargo --- αντίποινα --- bojkott --- boikots --- sanção económica --- majanduslikud sanktsioonid --- sanction économique --- ekonomiska sanktioner --- gazdasági szankció --- ekonomiskās sankcijas --- sanksione ekonomike --- sanzjonijiet ekonomiċi --- økonomisk sanktion --- ekonomske sankcije --- економске санкције --- sanzione economica --- οικονομικές κυρώσεις --- hospodářské sankce --- економски санкции --- ekonominės sankcijos --- ekonomické sankcie --- gospodarske sankcije --- taloudellinen seuraamus --- икономическа санкция --- sankcje ekonomiczne --- sanción económica --- smachtbhannaí eacnamaíocha --- economische sanctie --- sancțiuni economice --- Wirtschaftssanktion --- ekonomické sankce --- финансиски санкции --- přerušení hospodářských styků --- трговски санкции --- рестриктивни економски мерки --- стопански санкции --- hospodářský postih --- človekove pravice --- droits de l'homme --- derechos humanos --- ľudské práva --- prawa człowieka --- ljudska prava --- δικαιώματα του ανθρώπου --- човешки права --- inimõigused --- cilvēktiesības --- rechten van de mens --- lidská práva --- cearta an duine --- ihmisoikeudet --- direitos humanos --- људска права --- emberi jogok --- menneskerettigheder --- човекови права --- drittijiet tal-bniedem --- mänskliga rättigheter --- žmogaus teisės --- të drejtat e njeriut --- diritti umani --- drepturile omului --- Menschenrechte --- kršenje ljudskih prava --- Verletzung der Menschenrechte --- diritti fondamentali dell'uomo --- Verteidigung der Menschenrechte --- nezadatelná práva --- ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα --- nepromlčitelná práva --- pasikėsinimas į žmogaus teises --- фундаментални слободи и права на човекот и граѓанинот --- zaštita ljudskih prava --- porušování lidských práv --- atentado a los derechos humanos --- Schutz der Menschenrechte --- mbrojtje e të drejtave të njeriut --- krænkelse af menneskerettighederne --- cilvēktiesību apdraudējums --- παραβίαση των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- violarea drepturilor omului --- aantasting van de rechten van de mens --- porušenie ľudských práv --- Beeinträchtigung der Menschenrechte --- mensenrechten --- emberi jogok védelme --- emberi jogok megsértése --- kränkning av mänskliga rättigheter --- atteinte aux droits de l'homme --- útok na ľudské práva --- ihmisoikeusloukkaus --- προσβολή των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- attack on human rights --- protección de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību aizsardzība --- bescherming van de rechten van de mens --- salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo --- proteção dos direitos humanos --- tilsidesættelse af menneskerettighederne --- ihmisoikeuksien suojelu --- protezione dei diritti umani --- Конвенција за заштита на човековите права и основните слободи --- skydd av mänskliga rättigheter --- violación de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību pārkāpums --- ochrana ľudských práv --- žmogaus teisių apsauga --- ihmisoikeuksien uhkaaminen --- prava čovjeka --- derechos del hombre --- rispetto dei diritti dell'uomo --- schending van de rechten van de mens --- inimõiguste kaitse --- protecția drepturilor omului --- shkelje e të drejtave të njeriut --- violação dos direitos humanos --- brott mot mänskliga rättigheter --- beskyttelse af menneskerettigheder --- ochrana lidských práv --- inimõiguste ohustamine --- violation des droits de l'homme --- повреда на граѓанските права --- cenim i të drejtave të njeriut --- žmogaus teisių pažeidimas --- cilvēka pamattiesības --- граѓански слободи и права --- προστασία των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- ofensa aos direitos humanos --- заштита на правата и слободите на граѓаните --- кршење на човековите права --- human rights violation --- violazione dei diritti umani --- protection of human rights --- inimõiguste rikkumine --- reato contro i diritti dell'uomo --- protection des droits de l'homme --- међународно право --- kansainvälinen oikeus --- nemzetközi jog --- droit international --- международно право --- internationaal recht --- rahvusvaheline õigus --- tarptautinė teisė --- direito internacional --- international ret --- διεθνές δίκαιο --- dritt internazzjonali --- internationales Recht --- меѓународно право --- međunarodno pravo --- internationell rätt --- diritto internazionale --- dlí idirnáisiúnta --- prawo międzynarodowe --- e drejtë ndërkombëtare --- Derecho internacional --- drept internațional --- medzinárodné právo --- mednarodno pravo --- starptautisko tiesību akti --- mezinárodní právo --- меѓународно процесно право --- меѓународна постапка --- internationale procedure --- меѓународни судови --- starptautiskās tiesības --- starptautisko tiesību normas --- procedura internazionale --- меѓународни договори --- internationales Prozessrecht --- internationales Prozeßrecht --- International law and human rights