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DNA vaccines. --- Genetic vaccines --- Vaccines

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This title discusses all aspects of non-infectious and non-cancer– so called NINC – vaccines. Hypertension, diabetes and allergy vaccine development are referred to as well as the use of adjuvants and nanotechnology in vaccine development. The way of novel vaccines from bench to preclinical to clinical studies and launch to the market under EMEA (European Medicines Agency) and FDA (Food and Drug Administration) guidelines are described in-depth. Practical perspectives of patentability of vaccines are discussed. The book is therefore of interest for researchers and clinicians engaged in vaccine development and molecular vaccine application.

DNA vaccines. --- Vaccines. --- Genetic vaccines --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Molecular biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Vaccine. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Biologicals --- Vaccines --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Immunobiology --- Serology --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology

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DNA is a rapidly developing vaccine platform for cancer and infectious and non-infectious diseases. Plasmids are used as immunogens to encode proteins to be further synthesized in vaccine recipients. DNA is mainly synthetic, ensuring enhanced expression in the cells of vaccine recipients (mostly mammalians). Their introduction into the host induces antibody and cellular responses. The latter are often more pronounced, and mimic the events occurring in infection, especially viral. There are a few distinct ways in which the vaccine antigen can be processed and presented, which determine the resulting immune response and which can be manipulated. Routinely, the antigen synthesized within the host cell is processed by proteasome, loaded onto, and presented in a complex with MHC I molecules. Processing can be re-routed to the lysosome, or immunogen can be secreted for further presentation in a complex with MHC II. Apart from expression, vaccination efficacy depends on DNA delivery. DNA immunogens are generally administered by intramuscular or intradermal injections, usually followed by electroporation, which enhances delivery 1000-fold. Other techniques are also used, such as noninvasive introduction by biojectors, skin applications with plasters and microneedles/chips, sonication, magnetofection, and even tattooing. An intense debate regarding the pros and cons of different routes of delivery is ongoing. A number of studies have compared the effect of delivery methods at the level of immunogen expression, and the magnitude and specificity of the resulting immune response. According to some, the delivery route determines immunogenic performance; according to others, it can modulate the level of response, but not its specificity or polarity. The progress of research aiming at the optimization of DNA vaccine design, delivery, and immunogenic performance has led to a marked increase in their efficacy in large species and humans. New DNA vaccines for use in the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, allergies, and autoimmunity are forthcoming. This Special Issue covers various aspects of DNA vaccine development.

alphaviruses --- layered RNA/DNA vectors --- DNA vaccines --- RNA replicons --- recombinant particles --- tumor regression --- protection against tumor challenges and infectious agents --- ebola virus disease --- artificial T-cell antigens --- DNA vaccine constructs --- computer design --- gene expression --- immunogenicity --- DNA vaccine --- mRNA vaccine --- plasmid DNA --- in vitro transcribed mRNA --- immune responses --- formulations --- Cytolytic T Lymphocytes --- antibodies --- innate immunity --- adjuvants --- vaccine delivery --- plasmid --- cytolytic --- perforin --- bicistronic --- HCV --- HIV --- IL-36 --- adjuvant --- DNA --- Zika --- Epstein-Barr virus --- latent proteins --- LMP2 --- EBNA1 --- LMP1 --- HIV-1 --- enhancer element --- circovirus --- influenza --- immunization --- intranasal --- lipid --- flagellin --- BCG --- vaccine --- rBCG --- HTI --- T-cell --- AIDS --- clinical trial --- therapeutic vaccine --- hepatitis C virus (HCV) --- mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) --- modified MSC --- DNA immunization --- nonstructural HCV proteins --- immune response --- HCV vaccine --- myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) --- n/a