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The subject of revolutionary overthrow of constitutional orders in Africa is at the intersection of three disciplines: jurisprudence and legal philosophy, constitutional law and power politics, and civil-military relations, that is, military security policy which is one aspect of national security policy. The subject is of interest in at least four ways. It problematizes the inescapable question of governance in the African continent. It challenges the democratization agenda in Africa ñ how does one democratize not only political governance but also the instruments of violence in the state? It

Constitutional law --- Civil-military relations --- Coups d'etat --- Coup d'états --- Coups (Coups d'état) --- Government, Resistance to --- History --- Political science --- Revolutions --- Military and civilian power --- Military-civil relations --- Executive power --- Sociology, Military --- Military government --- Political systems --- Internal politics --- Theory of the state --- Africa

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An examination of a number of leadership attacks from World War II to the 21st century. It offers insights into the comparative efficacy of various forms of leadership attacks, their potential coercive and deterrent value, and the possible unintended consequences of their ill-considered use.

Assassination. --- Coups d. --- Coups d'e ́tat. --- Insurgency. --- Insurgency --- Coups d'âetat --- Assassination --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Political Theory of the State --- Coups d'état. --- United States --- Military policy. --- Political murder --- Coup d'états --- Coups (Coups d'état) --- Insurgent attacks --- Rebellions --- Murder --- Political crimes and offenses --- Political violence --- Government, Resistance to --- History --- Political science --- Revolutions --- Civil war --- Internal security --- Coups d'etat.

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Après la vague de dictatures qui s’abat sur l’Amérique latine dans les années 1960-1970, les années 1980-1990 ont vu le reflux des régimes autoritaires avec les « transitions à la démocratie ». Mais, paradoxalement, les militaires sont restés des acteurs importants de la scène politique. D’abord, dans les pactes et les négociations avec leurs opposants: avec la fin de la guerre froide, et souvent face à des crises économiques et financières considérables, les militaires, las et/ou repus, remettent le pouvoir aux civils. Mais les passations de pouvoir, bien que s’effectuant par l’organisation d’élections libres, auront un prix souvent élevé: impunité pour les crimes de la dictature et intangibilité des rapports économiques et sociaux. Puis, plusieurs militaires vont arriver au pouvoir légalement, par les urnes: le plus surprenant étant sans doute l’ancien dictateur Hugo Banzer en Bolivie, suivi par le plus controversé, Hugo Châvez au Venezuela. Mais les forces armées peuvent également rester maître du jeu politique sans être en première ligne: ce fut le cas au Pérou avec le régime autoritaire civil de Fujimori ; c’est aussi vrai en Equateur mais sous une autre forme, plus complexe. Par ailleurs, les militaires se reconvertissent aujourd’hui dans l’économie avec les « complexes militaro-industriels » et dans les entreprises privées de sécurité. Ils se redéploient également vers les missions de police, de douane et de renseignement, sur le terrain de la lutte antiterroriste et contre le narcotrafic. Si, aujourd’hui, il n’y a ni espace ni projet de prise de pouvoir par les militaires, la question du rôle et de la place des forces armées dans les États se pose cependant avec acuité. Mais ces questions se posent comme en creux : à la fois présents et absents, les militaires restent comme une menace pour la société tant que celleci ne se sera pas emparé de la seule question qui vaille au fond : à quoi servent les militaires, sinon à faire la guerre ?

Civil-military relations --- Relations pouvoir civil-pouvoir militaire --- Latin America --- Amérique Latine --- Armed Forces --- Political activity --- Forces armées --- Activité politique --- Government - Non-U.S. --- Law, Politics & Government --- Government - Central & South America --- 355.1 --- 980 =6 --- 321.64 --- 355.1 <8=6> --- Krijgsmacht. Strijdkrachten. Leger. Militairen --- Geschiedenis van Latijns-Amerika --- Autoritair regime. Nationalistische bewegingen. Moderne dictatuur --- 321.64 Autoritair regime. Nationalistische bewegingen. Moderne dictatuur --- 980 =6 Geschiedenis van Latijns-Amerika --- 355.1 Krijgsmacht. Strijdkrachten. Leger. Militairen --- Amérique Latine --- Forces armées --- Activité politique --- Gourdon, Hubert. --- Political activity. --- Asociación Latinoamericana de Libre Comercio countries --- Neotropical region --- Neotropics --- New World tropics --- Spanish America --- sûreté de l'État --- gouvernement militaire --- coups d'État --- politique et gouvernement --- forces armées

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"On July 15, 2016, a faction of the Turkish military tried to overthrow the government of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The attempt failed. The Turkish government blamed the attempted coup on Gülenists, followers of an Islamist movement led by Fethullah Gülen, who had helped Erdoğan and his AK Party get elected and bring an ostensibly 'soft' version of Islam into the secular Turkish government. In alliance with the AK Party, Gülenists over time became widely represented in various government institutions, including the military and police. This volume focuses on the Gülen Movement and its possible role in the failed coup, providing historical and sociopolitical context for what may have led to this conflict. Editors Yavuz and Balcı were among the first to study the movement from its beginning. They and other contributors have spent time in Turkey, Central Asia, and the Balkans examining various dimensions of Gülenist activity as the movement became a major economic and educational force in Turkey and elsewhere. Startled by the 2016 coup attempt, a group of scholars who had studied the Gülenists came together to discuss how and why the once-restrained movement became belligerent opponents of Erdoğan's government. This book is a product of their exchanges and it addresses questions such as: what did researchers fail to see in their earlier studies and how will this major disruption in Turkey affect the future of the movement?"--Provided by publisher.

Democracy --- Coups d'etat --- Coup d'états --- Coups (Coups d'état) --- Government, Resistance to --- History --- Political science --- Revolutions --- Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip. --- Gülen, Fethullah. --- Gülen, M. Fethullah --- Gulen, Muhammad Fethullah --- كولن، فتح الله --- Gi︠u︡len, Fatkhullakh --- Гюлен, Фатхуллах --- Fatḥ Allāh Gūlin, Muḥammad --- Gūlin, Muḥammad Fatḥ Allāh --- Fatḥ Allāh Gūlan, Muḥammad --- Gūlan, Muḥammad Fatḥ Allāh --- فتح‌ الله گولن، محمد --- فتح‌الله گولن، محمد --- گولن، فتح الله --- Şahin, M. Abdülfettah --- Gülen, Fetullah --- Ǵulen, Fetulah --- Ѓулен, Фетулах --- Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip --- Tayyip --- Erdoğan, Tayyip --- RTE --- ‏اردوغان، رجب طيّب --- Gülen Hizmet Movement. --- GHM --- Gülen Movement --- Gülen Hareketi --- Gülen/Hizmet Hareketi --- Hizmet/Gülen Movement --- Turkey --- Anatolia --- Anatolie --- Ānātūlī --- Asia Minor --- Asia Minore --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Turk Uls --- Buturuki --- Cộng hoà Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Dēmokratia tēs Tourkias --- Devlet-i Aliye Osmaniye --- Durka --- Durkka dásseváldi --- Gweriniaeth Twrci --- Jamhuri ya Uturuki --- Jamhuuriyada Turki --- Jumhūrīyah al-Turkīyah --- Komara Tirkiyeyê --- Lýðveldið Turkaland --- Lýðveldið Tyrkland --- Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì --- Osmanlı İmparatorluğu --- Osmanskai︠a︡ Imperii︠a︡ --- Ottoman Empire --- Pobblaght ny Turkee --- Poblacht na Tuirce --- Repóbblica d'l Turchî --- Repubbleche de Turchie --- Repubblica di Turchia --- Republic of Turkey --- Republic of Türkiye --- República da Turquia --- Republica de Turchia --- Republica de Turquía --- Republica Turcia --- Republiek Turkeye --- Republiek Turkije --- Republiek van Turkye --- Republik bu Tirki --- Republik Tierkei --- Republik Turkäi --- Republik Türkei --- Républik Turki --- Republik Turkia --- Republika e Turqisë --- Republika ng Turkiya --- Repùblika Tërecczi --- Republika Turcija --- Republika Turcji --- Republika Turcyje --- Republika Turecko --- Republika Turkiya --- Republika Turkojska --- Republika Turska --- Republika Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Republiḳah ha-Ṭurḳiyah --- Republiken Turkiet --- Republikken Tyrkia --- Republikken Tyrkiet --- République de Turquie --- République turque --- Repuvlika de Turkiya --- Ripablik kya Buturuki --- Ripoliku Turkiyakondre --- T.C. (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) --- Tagduda n Tturk --- TC --- Teki --- Tëreckô --- Ṭerḳay --- Ṭerḳishe Republiḳ --- Thekhi --- Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Thú-ngí-khì --- Tiakei --- Tierkei --- Tiki --- Tirki --- Tırkiya --- Tirkiye --- Ti︠u︡rk --- Ti︠u︡rk Respublika --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ Respublika --- Tlacatlahtocayotl Turquia --- Tʻŏkʻi --- T'ŏk'i Konghwaguk --- Tʼóok Bikéyah --- Torkėjė --- Tȯrkiă --- Törkie --- Törkieë --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Török Köztársaság --- Törökország --- Toruko --- Toruko Kyōwakoku --- Tourkia --- Tourkikē Dēmokratia --- Tturk --- Tu er qi gong he guo --- Tū-ī-gì --- Tū-ī-gì Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók --- Tu'erqi --- Tu'erqi gong he guo --- Tu'erqi Gongheguo --- Tuirc --- Tunkī --- Turchî --- Turchia --- Turchie --- Turchy Respublikæ --- Turcia --- Turcija --- Turcijas Republika --- Turcja --- Turcland --- Turcyjo --- Turechchyna --- Turecká republika --- Turecko --- Tureke --- Turet︠s︡ka Respublika --- Turėtskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Tureuki --- Türgi --- Türgi Vabariik --- Türgü --- Türgü Vabariik --- Turk --- Turkäi --- Turkaland --- Turkamastor --- Türkän --- Turkanʹ respubliksʹ --- Turkee --- Türkei --- Turkeya --- Turkeye --- Turki --- Turkia --- Turkia Respubliko --- Turkieë --- Turkiet --- Turkii --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Tu̇rkiĭė --- Tu̇rkiĭė Respublikata --- Turkija --- Turkije --- Turkin tasavalta --- Turkio --- Turkiyā --- Turkiya Republika --- Türkiyä Respublikası --- Turkiyah --- Turkiyakondre --- Türkiye --- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti --- Türkiýe Respublikasy --- Turkki --- Turkojska --- Turkowska --- Turkujo --- Turkya --- Turkyah --- Turkye --- Turqia --- Turquía --- Turquie (Repupblic) --- Turska --- Turtchie --- Turt︠s︡i --- Turt︠s︡i Respubliki --- Turt︠s︡iĭ --- Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turtsyi︠a︡ --- Turukiya --- Tuykia --- Twrci --- Tyrkia --- Tyrkiet --- Tyrkland --- Tẏrt︠s︡i --- Uturuki --- Vysokai︠a︡ Porta --- Whenua Korukoru --- Τουρκική Δημοκρατία --- Τουρκία --- Δημοκρατία της Τουρκίας --- Република Турска --- Република Турция --- Република Турција --- Турска --- Турцыя --- Турци --- Турци Республики --- Турция --- Турција --- Турций --- Турція --- Турчы Республикæ --- Турэцкая Рэспубліка --- Турк --- Туркань республиксь --- Туркамастор --- Турецька Республіка --- Турецка Республіка --- Турецкая Республика --- Туреччина --- Тюрк --- Тюрк Республика --- Тюркия --- Тюркия Республика --- רפובליקה הטורקית --- תורכיה --- טערקישע רעפובליק --- טערקיי --- טורקיה --- تركيا --- جمهورية التركية --- トルコ --- トルコ共和国 --- 土耳其 --- 土耳其共和國 --- 터키 --- 터키 공화국 --- Politics and government --- Coups d'état --- Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip. --- Gülen, Fethullah. --- Gülen Hizmet Movement. --- Gülen, Fethullah --- Gülen Hizmet Movement --- Gu̇len, Fetkhullaḣ --- Gu̇len, F. --- Coups d'etat - Turkey - 21st century --- Democracy - Turkey --- Turkey - History - Attempted coup, 2016 --- Turkey - History - 21st century --- Turkey - Politics and government - 21st century --- Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü --- FETÖ