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The iron element (Fe) is strictly required for the survival of most forms of life, including bacteria, plants and humans. Fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms for Fe absorption, mobilization and recycling operate to maintain Fe homeostasis, the disruption of which leads to Fe overload or Fe depletion. Whereas the deleterious effect of Fe deficiency relies on reduced oxygen transport and diminished activity of Fe-dependent enzymes, the cytotoxicity induced by Fe overload is due to the ability of this metal to act as a pro-oxidant and catalyze the formation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton chemistry. This results in unfettered oxidative stress generation that, by inducing protein, lipid and DNA oxidation, leads to Fe-mediated programmed cell death and organ dysfunction. Major and systemic Fe overloads occurring in hemochromatosis and Fe-loading anemias have been extensively studied. However, localized tissue Fe overload was recently associated to a variety of pathologies, such as infection, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. In keeping with the existence of cross-regulatory interactions between Fe homeostasis and the pathophysiology of these diseases, further investigations on the mechanisms that provide cellular and systemic adaptation to tissue Fe overload are instrumental for future therapeutic approaches. Thus, we encourage our colleagues to submit original research papers, reviews, perspectives, methods and technology reports to contribute their findings to a current state of the art on a comprehensive overview of the importance of iron metabolism in pathophysiologic conditions.

Iron --- Iron deficiency anemia. --- Metabolism. --- iron metabolism --- iron and genetic disorder --- iron and inflammation --- Heme --- iron and cardiotoxicity --- iron and neurodegeneration --- Iron deficiency and anemia

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Today’s patients have unique cardiologic needs before, during, and after cancer treatment. Chemotherapies, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies can produce acute side effects or lasting adverse consequences on the heart and circulatory system, making the field of cardio-oncology increasingly important in effective patient care. Cardio-Oncology Practice Manual is a comprehensive, portable guide that provides practical approaches to assessment and management of cardiovascular diseases due to the effects of cardiotoxic agents and treatments. Part of the Braunwald family of renowned cardiology references, it clearly presents clinically relevant aspects of this growing field in one quick, practical reference for a wide range of cardio-oncology providers.

Heart --- Cancer --- Diseases --- Etiology. --- Treatment --- Complications. --- Complications and sequelae --- Cardiovascular system --- Cardiovascular Diseases --- Heart Diseases --- Neoplasms --- Diseases. --- therapy --- Cardiac Diseases --- Cardiac Disorders --- Heart Disorders --- Cardiac Disease --- Cardiac Disorder --- Heart Disease --- Heart Disorder --- Cardiology --- Cardiovascular Disease --- Disease, Cardiovascular --- Diseases, Cardiovascular --- Cardiac diseases --- Heart diseases --- Cardiovascular diseases --- Adverse Cardiac Event --- Cardiac Events --- Major Adverse Cardiac Events --- Adverse Cardiac Events --- Cardiac Event --- Cardiac Event, Adverse --- Cardiac Events, Adverse --- Event, Cardiac --- Cardiotoxicity --- Cardio-Oncology --- Cardiotoxicity. --- Cardio-Oncology. --- Cardiovascular Diseases. --- Heart Diseases. --- therapy.

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ROS were long considered one of the key players in tissue injury. Indeed, overproduction of ROS results in oxidative stress, a process leading to the development of many pathological conditions. For the treatment of these conditions, the use of antioxidants was proposed. Over time, it was shown that ROS at low concentrations act as signaling molecules, leading to the regulation of physiological functions. Moreover, several interventions that increase ROS generation activate stress-adaptive responses that extend the lifespan. It was also shown that excessive use of antioxidants can counter the beneficial effects of ROS. Currently, much progress has been made in understanding the role of ROS in human diseases and aging, as well as in the regulation of physiological functions, and in identifying the signaling pathways involved in ROS. However, much remains to be understood about the mutual interactions among signaling pathways underlying organisms’ adaptive responses, their modifications (which occur during aging), and some disease states. The aim of this Special Issue is to underline the effects of ROS production and antioxidant treatment in living organisms, focusing on their impact on health, disease, and aging.

CTCL --- apoptosis --- cell viability --- c-FLIP --- XIAP --- artemisinin --- SH-SY5Y cells --- hippocampal neurons --- H2O2 --- AMPK pathway --- atherosclerosis --- sphingomyelin synthase 2 --- endothelial dysfunction --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- β-catenin --- insulin resistance --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- neurodegenerative disorders --- exercise --- mitochondria --- oxidative stress --- PGC-1 --- Nrf2 --- UCPs --- ROS --- light --- DNA damage --- evolution --- D-box --- cavefish --- Spalax --- trimethylamine N-oxide --- cardiomyocytes --- cardiotoxicity --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CORM-2 --- NADPH oxidase --- AP-1 --- HO-1 --- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glutathione (GSH) metabolism --- cancer therapy --- clear cell RCC --- papillary RCC --- chromophobe RCC --- sarcopenia --- reactive oxygen species --- redox signaling --- antioxidant supplementation --- protein aggregation --- redox --- proteinopathy --- peroxiredoxins --- tumorigenesis --- ROS scavengers --- n/a

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Biomarkers are of critical medical importance for oncologists, allowing them to predict and detect disease and to determine the best course of action for cancer patient care. Prognostic markers are used to evaluate a patient’s outcome and cancer recurrence probability after initial interventions such as surgery or drug treatments and, hence, to select follow-up and further treatment strategies. On the other hand, predictive markers are increasingly being used to evaluate the probability of benefit from clinical intervention(s), driving personalized medicine. Evolving technologies and the increasing availability of “multiomics” data are leading to the selection of numerous potential biomarkers, based on DNA, RNA, miRNA, protein, and metabolic alterations within cancer cells or tumor microenvironment, that may be combined with clinical and pathological data to greatly improve the prediction of both cancer progression and therapeutic treatment responses. However, in recent years, few biomarkers have progressed from discovery to become validated tools to be used in clinical practice. This Special Issue comprises eight review articles and five original studies on novel potential prognostic and predictive markers for different cancer types.

MSI2 --- OSCC --- oral cancer --- musashi 2 --- prognosis --- N-cadherin --- EMT --- breast cancer --- new metastasis --- eribulin --- blood --- biomarker --- bladder cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- CD8+ T effector cells --- microRNA --- biomarkers --- head and neck cancer --- laryngeal cancer --- prediction --- metastasis --- lifestyle habit --- chemo-/radio resistance --- therapeutic target --- AKT --- AR --- castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) --- MAPK --- mTOR --- PI3K --- prostate cancer --- therapeutic resistance --- WNT --- miRNA --- melanoma --- melanoma resistance to MAPK/MEK inhibitors --- resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors --- TNBC --- BRCA1/2 --- HRR --- PDL1 --- TILs --- PI3KCA --- PTEN --- CTCs --- CSC --- pancreatic cancer --- K-RAS oncogene --- oncogene dependency --- targeted therapies --- genomic mutations --- transcriptomics --- metabolomics --- selenoproteins --- cancer --- HUB nodes --- major histocompatibility complex (MHC) --- human leukocyte antigen (HLA) --- antigen processing machinery (APM) molecules --- carcinogenesis --- tumor predisposition --- cancer immunotherapy --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- head and neck neoplasms --- head and neck tumors --- genetic syndromes --- mutations --- hyperglycemia --- cardioncology --- nivolumab --- cytokines --- cardiotoxicity --- acetyltransferase --- cancer prognosis --- NAA10 --- n/a

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The book is based on the Cancers journal Special Issue entitled “Immunotherapy, Tumor Microenvironment and Survival Signaling", and focuses on important problems concerning tumors and tumor microenvironment interactions, as well as novel immunotherapies such as CAR-T cell therapy. Immunotherapies have recently shown remarkable results in the treatment of cancer patients. However, there are still many questions that remain to be solved in regards to more effective therapies, such as the tumor heterogeneous profile, tumor microenvironment, and tumor survival epigenetic and genetic pathways, all of which make patients resistant to the presently available treatments for cancer. This book demonstrates different approaches to overcome the challenges faced by immunotherapies due to suppressive tumor microenvironments. This book includes 18 papers that can be divided into three chapters: 1. novel immunotherapies; 2. targeting tumor microenvironment and novel approaches; 3. targeting tumors and tumor microenvironment in different types of cancer.

Autophagy --- colorectal cancer --- immunotherapy --- tumor stroma --- tumor microenvironment --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- chemotherapy --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- angiogenesis --- check point inhibitors --- programmed cell death protein 1 --- programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 --- cardiotoxicity --- lung metastasis --- CAR-T --- hypoxia --- tumor --- microenvironment --- CD19 --- BCMA --- cancer --- melanoma --- immune escape --- antigen loss --- chimeric antigen receptor --- electroporation --- lentivirus --- lentiviral transduction --- macrophages --- leukemia cells --- lytic peptides --- targeted therapy --- dendritic cells --- pathogenesis --- risk factors --- breast cancer --- resistance --- checkpoint --- targeted treatment --- personalized medicine --- pediatric solid tumors --- chimeric antigen receptors --- cancer vaccines --- oncolytic viral therapy --- immunomodulation --- DCLK1 --- tumor stem cells --- clonogenicity --- mitochondria --- mitochondrial transfer --- tunneling nanotubes --- triple-negative breast cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- combination therapy --- cancer nanomedicine --- tumor antigens --- cancer metabolism --- cancer immunotherapy --- nanoparticles --- immunotherapeutic agent --- immunomodulators --- tuft cells --- cancer stem cells --- immunotherapies --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- regulatory T cells --- crosstalk --- tumor immune evasion --- cell–cell contact --- β2 integrins --- CD18 --- CD11 --- CAR-T cells --- CD37 --- cell therapy --- tumor antigen --- lymphoma --- CAR macrophage --- CAR T cell --- solid tumors --- immunometabolism --- miRNA --- immunogenic cell death --- n/a --- cell-cell contact