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"As a fledgling republic, the United States implemented a series of trading outposts to engage indigenous peoples and to expand American interests west of the Appalachian Mountains. Under the authority of the executive branch, this Indian factory system was designed to strengthen economic ties between Indian nations and the United States, while eliminating competition from unscrupulous fur traders. In this detailed history of the Indian factory system, David Andrew Nichols demonstrates how Native Americans and U.S. government authorities sought to exert their power in the trading posts by using them as sites for commerce, political maneuvering, and diplomatic action"--

Trading posts --- Posts, Trading --- Barter --- History.

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An institutional approach to explaining countertrade and barter in international trade and domestic trade in transition economies.Difficulties in contract enforcement impede international transactions in the world economy and domestic transactions in transition economies. In Contracts in Trade and Transition, Dalia Marin and Monika Schnitzer explain how barter as an economic institution can facilitate contract enforcement across national borders in international trade and within borders in transition countries. The authors show that international countertrade--tying an export to an import--emerged in the 1980s in response to the international debt crisis when Western creditors refused to finance imports to developing countries and Eastern Europe. Barter--the exchange of goods without the use of money--reemerged in transition economies in the 1990s in response to a domestic debt crisis when banks in transition countries were reluctant to provide finance to firms. Countertrade and barter introduce a deal-specific form of collateral that addresses the lack of creditworthiness of countries and firms.Drawing on contract theory, the authors argue that parties might want to pay in goods rather than cash or link an export with an import as in countertrade to solve incentive problems that otherwise would prevent any trade from taking place. The incentive problems they discuss are the technology transfer problem to developing countries and the "lack of trust" problem in the former Soviet Union.

Barter. --- Countertrade. --- Barter --- Countertrade --- International trade. --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Compensation trade --- In-kind exchange --- Payment-in-kind --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Balance of payments --- East-West trade --- International trade --- Exchange --- Local exchange trading systems --- ECONOMICS/Trade & Development

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Over the last fifteen years there have been dramatic increases in both private and public intervention in international trade. Traditional barriers to market-based trade such as commodity cartels and tariffs have been augmented by new developments such as the rise of regional trade blocs and the growth of intra-firm trade. This book argues that these changes are large and persistent enough to have an impact on total development performance, and on the performance of individual countries and individual sectors. It illustrates this with a wealth of theoretical arguments, empirical evidence and c

Countertrade. --- Investments. --- Countertrade --- Investments --- Local Commerce --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Developing countries --- Commerce. --- Commercial policy. --- Economic conditions. --- Compensation trade --- Balance of payments --- Barter --- East-West trade --- International trade --- Commercial policy --- Economic conditions

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Illégal, clandestin, hors marché, parallèle, alternatif..., tels sont quelques-uns des termes utilisés pour qualifier les activités regroupées habituellement sous le vocable d’« économie ». Les ethnologues et les sociologues dont les contributions sont réunies dans ce volume nous entraînent dans le vif des pratiques et des configurations de ce type d’économie. Migrants, communautés Emmaus, acteurs de systèmes et réseaux d’échanges locaux, brocanteurs ou pêcheurs à pied, tous travaillent « autrement ». Il peut s’agir d’économies choisies - où l’on tente de vivre et de produire de façon alternative-, mais aussi de modes de survie dans un monde économique subi. La logique du don se mêle aux relations marchandes et utilitaristes. Elles sont à l’œuvre sous d’autres formes : échanges de savoirs et de services, mobilisation des réseaux familiaux et ethniques, réhabilitation d’hommes désocialisés au moyen de la restauration et de la vente d’objets. On y parle d’économie informelle mais les pratiques peuvent y être formalisées : création d’une nouvelle monnaie, force contractuelle de la parole donnée... Autant de situations qui font la richesse anthropologique de ce monde mouvant dont les acteurs se retrouvent paradoxalement à la fois hors marché et économie officiels et en plein dedans, inventant à leur manière des mondes sociaux et économiques différents.

Industrial sociology --- Informal sector (Economics) --- Local exchange trading systems --- Barter --- Sociologie industrielle --- Secteur informel (Economie politique) --- Systèmes d'échanges locaux --- Troc --- France --- Social conditions --- Economic conditions --- Conditions sociales --- Conditions économiques --- Systèmes d'échanges locaux --- Conditions économiques --- Economics - Sociological aspects --- France - Economic conditions - 1945 --- -France - Social conditions - 20th century --- économie souterraine --- troc --- travail --- sociologie --- Economics

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Deianeira sends her husband Herakles a poisoned robe. Eriphyle trades the life of her husband Amphiaraos for a golden necklace. Atreus’s wife Aerope gives away the token of his sovereignty, a lamb with a golden fleece, to his brother Thyestes, who has seduced her. Gifts and exchanges always involve a certain risk in any culture, but in the ancient Greek imagination, women and gifts appear to be a particularly deadly combination. This book explores the role of gender in exchange as represented in ancient Greek culture, including Homeric epic and tragedy, non-literary texts, and iconographic and historical evidence of various kinds. Using extensive insights from anthropological work on marriage, kinship, and exchange, as well as ethnographic parallels from other traditional societies, Deborah Lyons probes the gendered division of labor among both gods and mortals, the role of marriage (and its failure) in transforming women from objects to agents of exchange, the equivocal nature of women as exchange-partners, and the importance of the sister-brother bond in understanding the economic and social place of women in ancient Greece. Her findings not only enlarge our understanding of social attitudes and practices in Greek antiquity but also demonstrate the applicability of ethnographic techniques and anthropological theory to the study of ancient societies.

Gifts --- Ceremonial exchange --- Barter --- Sex role --- History. --- Greece --- Social life and customs. --- Gender role --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- In-kind exchange --- Payment-in-kind --- Exchange --- Local exchange trading systems --- Gift exchange --- Rites and ceremonies --- Donations --- Presents --- Generosity --- Manners and customs --- Free material --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles