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This book describes general glycobiology in emphasizing the structures, biosynthesis, glycosylation and distribution of the glycans and xenogenic glycoantigens in eukaryotic cells of mammals including mouse, swine, chimpanzee and human. In the middle, I have focused on topics in xenotransplantation glycobiology and expand descriptions of allogenic and xenoantigenic transplantation to open the dawn in insights into the origin of life. One of the biological diversity, named species diversity, is a phenomenon environmentally adapted from the evolutionary process for long period. The distinct structures of glycans discriminate each organism and are the essential molecular basis of the discrimination and difference between the organisms, giving an incompatibility between the different species. Diversity and variations in carbohydrate chain structures between family, species, kingdoms and domains mark the global pattern and signs of immune self- and non-self recognition. In human, diversity in ABH blood group antigens is observed in human family and this type pattern distinguishes individuals from a pan-family to non-dividable unit of the family. Blood transfusion and organ transplantation are impossible even in the allogenic cross between humans if carbohydrates are ignored. This explains how and how human beings are a lonely existence. ABH-related antibodies induce hemolysis or hyperacute or allograft rejection due to incompatible graft property even between the same species. The incompatibility is an immunologic rejection when the recipient host receives the tissues or organs from the different species of donors, as well-known in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. The immunologic incompatibility between the donor pigs and the recipient human are based on the evolutionary distance between pigs and humans. This distance allows a xenograft rejection between the 2 mammals. Modification or deletion of the specific gene locus for immune rejection on genome of donor animals disrupts the immunological recognition ligands of the donor organs, consequently preventing the immune rejection of the human recipient and xenograft rejection. This book helps undergraduate and graduate students, researcher and professors who are involved in the glycobiology and xenoantigenic biology with recent advances in the xenotransplantation basic and clinic.

Biology. --- Biological Sciences.

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Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Neurology

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biology --- biological sciences --- Biology --- Biology.

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There are three main themes running through this volume. First, basic methods for measurement of cell proliferation are introduced and explained with reference to various systems, primarily in vitro, but in vivo procedures are also illustrated. The second theme is growth signalling, and is exemplified by methods for the analysis of transduction pathways for growth, beginning at the cell membrane and leading to the cell nucleus. The last theme presented here is growth cessation, illustrated by several systems for induction of cell differentiation, and of cell senescence. The emphasis throughout the book is on human cell systems, making it particularly relevant to scientists interested in human disease, especially cancer. Importantly, well proved methods for studying cell growth are supplemented by some novel approaches, e.g., studies of cell cycle checkpoints, cell spheroids, and nuclear architecture. Only two chapters have been retained, in an updated form from Cell Growth and Apoptosis, the predecessor volume.; The book is written by a team of scientists highly experienced in procedures they describe, and offer details and hints found valuable in their own laboratories; thus, variants of the same general methods can be found in different chapters. These should be helpful to beginning as well as experienced investigators, and are designed to stimulate new approaches to old and new questions.

Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Cytology

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Darwin consolidated a lifetime of work in

Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Evolution