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The building shell is the interface with the outside world, it offers protection and at the same time represents its owners or occupants. But what are the criteria for choosing a specific shell? Why is a particular material used on a particular undercoat? The fifth volume of the SCALE series, Enclose | Build, is not about the curtain, the dressing of the facade that surrounds a building, but rather on a causal level about the exterior termination of a building, the wall, the facade, which can be made of various materials, surfaces, and achieves different design effects. It shows the conditions under which certain constructions can be employed and why; what criteria such as construction costs, issues of sustainability, of energy efficiency, of assembly or of insulation or protection against moisture can also influence the choice of a system. In addition to classical constructions, Enclose | Build offers a look at future developments. How will the facade evolve as an interface for information? What do viable concepts for environmentally active, energy-efficient building shells look like? Enclose | Build is an indispensable tool for every architect and planner.

Exterior walls. --- Architectural design. --- Design --- Structural design --- Buildings --- External walls --- Walls --- Exterior walls

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Adaptation to external changes is necessary for all cells to survive and thrive in diverse environments. Key to these responses are the MAPK-mediated signaling pathways, intracellular communication routes that sense stimuli at the cell surface, and are ubiquitous in all eukaryotic organisms. In the case of fungi, MAPKs mediate essential processes, such as adaptation to environmental stresses, morphology regulation, or developmental processes. First studied in the early nineties in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fungal cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway has proven to be a central MAPK-mediated signaling cascade conserved in the fungal kingdom. Cells need to sense cell wall-perturbing conditions and mount the appropriate salvage response. Understanding this CWI pathway-mediated compensatory mechanism is key for the development of cell wall-targeted antifungal therapies. Moreover, its functional roles go beyond the maintenance of this essential structure, reaching many other physiological aspects that have major implications in development or virulence. In this Special Issue, expert researchers in this relevant subject have contributed with seven reviews and eleven original articles to advance our understanding of the CWI pathway by covering different structural, regulatory, and functional aspects in distinct yeasts and filamentous fungi.

Fungal cell walls. --- Cell walls, Fungal --- Fungi --- Cytology

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In the context of tight budgets, complex geometries, high energy efficiency, and flexible user functions mean that the requirements for technical details, and their execution in modern buildings, are very exacting. Modern Construction Case Studies presents planned, under construction and completed, innovative avant-garde projects – all designed by internationally recognized architectural practices such as Zaha Hadid, BIG, Jean Nouvel, Gensler, Lab Architecture Studio, RMJM Architecture, Nordic Office of Architecture, and others. The case studies are analyzed in a structured way under technical criteria, using text, photographs, 3D illustrations, and diagrams. They provide inspiration for new approaches that also work for smaller-scale projects. Komplexe Geometrien, energetische Hochleistung und zukunftsoffene Nutzoptionen stellen bei knappen Budgets immer höhere technische Ansprüche an Detail und Ausführung moderner Bauten. Modern Construction Case Studies präsentiert erfolgreich umgesetzte oder noch in Planung und Bau befindliche, innovative Avant-Garde Projekte der Gegenwart – alle von international anerkannten Architekturbüros entworfen. Die Fallbeispiele werden in systematischer Form, geordnet nach technischen Gesichtspunkten, in Text, Fotos, 3D-Darstellungen und Diagrammen analysiert. Sie stammen von Zaha Hadid, BIG, Jean Nouvel, Gensler, Lab Architecture Studio, RMJM Architecture, Nordic Office of Architecture u.a.Das Buch eröffnet neue Wege, die auch zur Anwendung für Projekte mit kleinerem Maßstab dienen können.

Facades --- Exterior walls --- Buildings --- External walls --- Walls --- Architectural fronts --- Fronts (Architecture) --- Architecture --- Design and construction. --- Details

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In the early modern period, all German cities were fortified places. Because contemporary jurists have defined 'city' as a coherent social body in a protected place, the urban environment had to be physically separate from the surrounding countryside. This separation was crucial to guaranteeing the city's commercial, political and legal privileges. Fortifications were therefore essential for any settlement to be termed a city. This book tells the story of German cities' metamorphoses from walled to de-fortified places between 1689 and 1866. Using a wealth of original sources, The Defortification of the German City, 1689-1866 discusses one of the most significant moments in the emergence of the modern city: the dramatic and often traumatic demolition of the city's centuries-old fortifications and the creation of the open city.

City walls --- Fortification --- Fortification, Primitive --- Forts --- Military engineering --- Siege warfare --- Village walls --- Walls --- History --- Arts and Humanities

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Dry stone retaining structures are structures made of individual decimeter stone blocks in contact. One advantage of this construction technology lies in the weak amount of embodied energy required for their construction, and uses only local materials. This technology may be a positive answer to the challenges brought by sustainable policies in civil engineering. Many of these structures are older than one hundred years and sustain damage due to ageing; this places the owners in front of a challenging issue. Usual scientific tools cannot address the specific behavior of such structures. Due to the discrete nature of the system, a large amount of energy can be dissipated at contact level before failure of the structure. The shape, arrangement and possible breakage of blocks may play a major role in their overall behavior, specific to these structures. This book brings an overview of the DEM technique to model the behavior of discrete civil engineering structures. Physical models, modeling and site measurements are all explored, helping the civil engineer evaluate the behavior of unique structures.

Dry stone walls. --- Civil engineering --- Technological innovations.