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The United States of Europe considers the post-WWII transition of Europe from a diverse and disparate continent to the economically integrated European Union of today. Initiated by the Benelux Customs Union, and later the European Coal and Steel Cooperation, the six-member European Economic Community was formed in 1957, becoming the EC in 1967, and finally the EU in 1992. This process of Europeanization reached its zenith in 1987 with the approval of the Single European act, creating a single market economy. This was followed in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty, defining the intra-EU macro- and micro-economic parameters. The inauguration of a single common currency, the euro, on 1st January 1999 was a further innovative step, a process that has enabled the EU-27 to enjoy a competitive share of the world GDP and trade.

European Economic Community --- European Union --- European Central Bank --- History. --- Europe --- Economic integration --- Politics and government

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History and analysis of European monetary integration and related economic, financial, monetary, and international political issues: an accesible guide.This history and analysis of the euro and the European Central Bank traces the process of European monetary integration from its beginnings as a utopian vision in the aftermath of World War II through the establishment of a single currency managed by a central bank. Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, a central banker who has been involved in the making of European monetary unification since 1979, offers an accessible guide to the euro and the European Central Bank for scholars, students, and the general reader, discussing the related economic, financial, monetary, and international political issues. In the process he also provides an overview of central banking in general and the multiple activities of a central bank; as the case of the European Central Bank illustrates, central banking involves not only monetary analysis and policy but much else, including banknote printing and handling, market operations, payment systems, bank supervision, and coordinating with other public institutions.Padoa-Schioppa begins with the historical background of European monetary integration, starting with the 1957 Treaty of Rome, which lay the foundation for the Common Market, and covering the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the development of an anchor currency, and the "euroskepticism" of the U.K. Subsequent chapters are devoted to economic policy, monetary policy, the euro as unifier in the financial system, the payment system, the euro as an international actor outside "euroland," and the challenges ahead for the still relatively young project of European monetary integration.

Euro. --- Monetary policy --- European Central Bank. --- ECB --- Banque centrale européenne --- BCE --- Banco Central Europeo --- Banca centrale europea --- Europäische Zentralbank --- Európska centrálna banka --- Money --- EZB --- ECONOMICS/Finance

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This book is the first study on the work of the Eurogroup - monthly informal meetings between euro area finance ministers, the Commission and the European Central Bank. Puetter convincingly demonstrates how this small, secretive circle of senior decision-makers shapes European economic governance through a routinised informal policy dialogue. Although the role of the Eurogroup has been contested since before the group's creation, its actual operation has never been subject to systematic evaluation. This book opens the doors of the meeting room and shows how an understanding of the interplay of

Finance ministers --- Europe -- Economic policy. --- Finance ministers -- Europe. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- European Union countries --- Economic policy. --- 334.150.2 --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- -338.94 --- Ui1 --- Finance secretaries --- Ministers of finance --- Secretaries of finance --- Cabinet officers --- raad van de Europese Gemeenschappen. --- Europe --- 338.94 --- raad van de Europese Gemeenschappen --- Commission. --- Eurogroup. --- European Central Bank. --- European decision-making. --- European economic governance. --- euro area. --- finance ministers. --- informal negotiations. --- member states. --- voluntary policy coordination.

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The work evaluates the policy problem of the Euro area from various fields, such as monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policy, and applies recently developed econometric techniques to empirical analysis.

European Central Bank. --- -Euro area --- 339.53094 --- Geldpolitik. --- Euro (W ahrung) --- Economic Conditions. --- Europ aische Zentralbank. --- Monetary policy --- Euro area. --- Euro area --- Euro zone --- Monetary unions --- ECB --- Banque centrale européenne --- BCE --- Banco Central Europeo --- Banca centrale europea --- Europäische Zentralbank --- Európska centrálna banka --- Eurozone --- E-books --- 334.151.1 --- 334.151.21 --- 334.151.25 --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- EG : economisch en monetair beleid --- Europese centrale bank. ESCB. Centrale banken --- Rekeneenheid, gemeenschappelijke munt van de Europese Gemeenschappen. ECU. Euro --- Eurozone. --- EZB --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS --- POLITICAL SCIENCE --- Geldpolitik --- Economics&delete& --- Macroeconomics --- Economic Conditions

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Central banks around the world have lowered their key interest rates to historical lows and implemented large asset purchase programs in the past few years. Within the scientific and, most recently, also increasingly in the political debate, the nominal interest rate is mainly the subject of discussion. The question is often raised whether saving and retirement provision are still worthwhile for private households, especially in Germany. In this context it is often ignored or not considered that the purchasing power of the nominal interest rates fluctuates considerably with the inflation rate. Inflation-adjusted real interest rates are therefore decisive for the actual income from financial assets and crucial for the savings and investment behavior. This study, therefore, shall play ist part to investigate scientifically the influence and correlation of low and negative key interest rates on yield levels of selected asset classes within the sphere of influence of the European Central Bank. In this context, the mainly populist question is also answered whether savers are expropriated slowly.

Monetary policy --- European Central Bank. --- ECB --- Banque centrale européenne --- BCE --- Banco Central Europeo --- Banca centrale europea --- Europäische Zentralbank --- EZB --- Európska centrálna banka --- Banks and banking, Central --- Interest rates --- Eminent domain --- Compulsory purchase (Eminent domain) --- Condemnation of land --- Domain, Eminent --- Expropriation --- Land, Condemnation of --- Takings (Eminent domain) --- Land use --- Right of property --- Angary, Right of --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Money market rates --- Rate of interest --- Rates, Interest --- Interest --- Banker's banks --- Banks, Central --- Central banking --- Central banks --- Banks and banking --- Law and legislation --- E-books