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This book offers the first environmental history of Russia’s steppes. From the early-eighteenth, settlers moved to the semi-arid but fertile grasslands from wetter, forested regions in central and northern Russia and Ukraine, and central Europe. By the late-nineteenth century, the steppes were the bread basket of the Russian Empire and parts of Europe. But, there was another side to this story. The steppes were hit by droughts, winds that whipped up dust storms, soil erosion, crop failures, and in the worst years - famine. From the late-eighteenth century, naturalists and scientists studied the steppe environment. Russian scientists came up with innovations, in particular, Vasilii Dokuchaev’s new soil science explained the fertile black earth as a product of the steppe environment in which it had formed. Scientists also studied environmental change, including climate change, and debated whether human activity or natural forces were to blame. They proposed remedies to the environmental barriers to farming on the steppes. For a long time, they focused on planting trees and irrigation, in attempts to make the steppes more like the homelands of the settlers. More sustainable were techniques of cultivation to retain moisture in the soil. Among the pioneers were Mennonite settlers. Such approaches aimed to work with the environment, rather than try to change it. The story is similar to the Dust Bowl on the Great Plains of the USA, which share a similar environment and environmental history. The story is also placed in the wider context of the environmental history of European colonialism around the globe.

Agriculture --- Steppes --- Grasslands --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Environmental aspects --- History. --- Steppes ecology Russia (Federation) History. --- History

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How do leading Democratic Party figures strive to communicate with and influence their audience? Why have some proven more successful than others in advancing their ideological arguments? How do orators seek to connect with different audiences in different settings such as the Senate, conventions and through the media? This thoroughly researched and highly readable collection comprehensively evaluates these questions as well as providing an extensive interrogation of the political and intellectual significance of oratory and rhetoric in the Democratic Party. Using the Aristotelian modes of persuasion ethos, pathos and logos it draws out commonalties and differences in how the rhetoric of Democratic Party politics has shifted since the 1960s. More broadly it evaluates the impact of leading orators upon American politics and argues that effective oratory remains a vital party of American political discourse.

Political science. --- Political oratory --- Rhetoric --- Speeches, addresses, etc., American --- Political Rights - U.S. --- Government - U.S. --- Law, Politics & Government --- History --- Political aspects --- History and criticism --- Democratic Party (U.S.) --- Parliamentary oratory --- Political speaking --- Demokratische Partei (U.S.) --- Partai Demokrat (U.S.) --- Communication. --- Political theory. --- Europe --- Language and languages --- Applied linguistics. --- Political Science and International Relations. --- European Politics. --- Political Science. --- Media Studies. --- Applied Linguistics. --- Political Theory. --- Philosophy of Language. --- Linguistics --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Communication, Primitive --- Mass communication --- Sociology --- Politics and government. --- Philosophy. --- Republican Party (U.S. : 1792-1828) --- Oratory --- Politics, Practical --- Public speaking --- Europe-Politics and government. --- Europe—Politics and government. --- Language and languages—Philosophy.