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This book explores the tantric concept of Shakti, or the principal female cosmic entity and her pilgrimage sites. It offers a first-hand view of the multidimensional ways in which Shakti asserted its supremacy over existing Vaishnava and orthodox Brahmanical traditions in post mediaeval Bengal and India. The interdisciplinary chapters pave the way to understanding the intra-textual relationships between philosophical and conceptual ideas in literary texts and their oral transmission. Divided into three thematic sections: Cult Inclusiveness, Śakti Pithas, and the Śākta Philosophy, the book invites readers to explore a contested area of scholarship from unique perspectives, offering rich insights into the nature of negotiations between diverse religious streams. It also urges readers to examine the many innovative approaches and theoretical models on the goddess culture of East India. The book is of interest to students and scholars of religious textual studies, anthropology, pilgrimage studies, comparative religion, Sanskrit and Bengali languages, regional studies, South Asian cultures, goddess traditions and cultural history of mediaeval Bengal.

Religions. --- Ethnology. --- Culture. --- Religion and sociology. --- Comparative Religion. --- Regional Cultural Studies. --- Sociology of Religion. --- Religion and society --- Religious sociology --- Society and religion --- Sociology, Religious --- Sociology and religion --- Sociology of religion --- Sociology --- Cultural sociology --- Culture --- Sociology of culture --- Civilization --- Popular culture --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- Comparative religion --- Denominations, Religious --- Religion, Comparative --- Religions, Comparative --- Religious denominations --- World religions --- Gods --- Religion --- Social aspects --- Shaktism. --- Ṣāktas --- Ṣāktism --- Hindu sects

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Concerns about energy security, uncertainty about oil prices, declining oil reserves, and global climate change are fueling a shift towards bioenergy as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Public policies and private investments around the globe are aiming to increase local capacity to produce biofuels. A key constraint to the expansion of biofuel production is the limited amount of land available to meet the needs for fuel, feed, and food in the coming decades. Large-scale biofuel production raises concerns about food versus fuel tradeoffs, about demands for natural resources such as water, and about potential impacts on environmental quality. The book is organized into five parts. The introductory part provides a context for the emerging economic and policy challenges related to bioenergy and the motivations for biofuels as an energy source. The second part of the handbook includes chapters that examine the implications of expanded production of first generation biofuels for the allocation of land between food and fuel and for food/feed prices and trade in biofuels as well as the potential for technology improvements to mitigate the food vs. fuel competition for land. Chapters in the third part examine the infrastructural and logistical challenges posed by large scale biofuel production and the factors that will influence the location of biorefineries and the mix of feedstocks they use. The fourth part includes chapters that examine the environmental implications of biofuels, their implications for the design of policies and the unintended environmental consequences of existing biofuel policies. The final part presents economic analysis of the market, social welfare, and distributional effects of biofuel policies.

Biomass energy. --- Biomass energy -- Economic aspects. --- Biomass energy -- Government policy. --- Biomass energy --- Bio-energy (Biomass energy) --- Bioenergy (Biomass energy) --- Biofuels --- Biological fuels --- Energy, Biomass --- Microbial energy conversion --- Economic aspects. --- Government policy. --- Ecology. --- Energy industries. --- Environmental management. --- Development economics. --- Agricultural economics. --- Environmental economics. --- Economics. --- Environmental Economics. --- Energy Economics. --- Environmental Management. --- Agricultural Economics. --- Development Economics. --- Economics --- Environmental quality --- Agrarian question --- Agribusiness --- Agricultural economics --- Agricultural production economics --- Agriculture --- Production economics, Agricultural --- Land use, Rural --- Economic development --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Industries --- Power resources --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Population biology --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Ecology --- Energy conversion --- Fuel --- Energy crops --- Microbial fuel cells --- Refuse as fuel --- Waste products as fuel --- Energy Policy, Economics and Management. --- Energy policy. --- Energy and state. --- Ecology . --- Energy and state --- State and energy --- Industrial policy --- Energy conservation --- Government policy

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"Protecting the environment is often not the primary objective of businesses. As the world has become more environmentally aware, the necessity of environmental regulations becomes apparent. Voluntary Environmental Programs: A Policy Perspective examines different approaches to environmental protection in business. Typically, environmental improvements on the part of industry result from government regulations that command certain action from industry and then control how well it performs. An alternative approach is voluntary environmental agreements, where firms voluntarily commit to make certain environmental improvements individually, as part of an industry association, or under the guidance ofa government entity. For example, many new initiatives targeting climate change originate from companies that voluntarily commit to reduce their carbon output or 'footprint.'" "Voluntary Environmental Programs: A Policy Perspective provides an overview of current research on such programs, also known as VEPs, looking at issues such as what motivates firms to participate, how a VEP structure affects a company's efficiency and credibility with stakeholders, and who monitors the compliance of participants. This current work examines how a firm's environmental performance over time compares with VEP commitments, and also discusses the particular considerations for VEPs in developing countries, where information flows and regulatory oversight capacities differ from those of the United States"--BOOK JACKET.

Environmental policy --- Voluntarism --- Social responsibility of business