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Numerical programs often use parallel programming techniques such as OpenMP to compute the program's output values as efficient as possible. In addition, derivative values of these output values with respect to certain input values play a crucial role. To achieve code that computes not only the output values simultaneously but also the derivative values, this work introduces several source-to-source transformation rules. These rules are based on a technique called algorithmic differentiation. The main focus of this work lies on the important reverse mode of algorithmic differentiation. The inherent data-flow reversal of the reverse mode must be handled properly during the transformation. The first part of the work examines the transformations in a very general way since pragma-based parallel regions occur in many different kinds such as OpenMP, OpenACC, and Intel Phi. The second part describes the transformation rules of the most important OpenMP constructs. Contents Introduction with Examples from Numerical Optimization Algorithmic Differentiation by Source Transformation Transformation rules for Parallel Code Regions (e.g. OpenMP 3.1) Static Program Analysis Target Groups Lecturers and students of computer science Computer scientists, engineers, mathematicians and numerical analysts The Author Michael Förster is currently Research Associate of the Institute Software and Tools for Computational Engineering, RWTH Aachen University.

Parallel programming (Computer science) --- OpenMP. --- Heterogeneous computing. --- Computer networks. --- OpenMP (Application program interface) --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Electronic data processing --- Network computers --- Heterogeneous processing (Computers) --- High performance computing --- Parallel processing (Electronic computers) --- Computer programming --- Distributed processing --- Open Multi-Processing (Application program interface) --- Computer science. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Mathematics of Computing. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Informatics --- Science --- Mathematics --- Computer science --- Applied mathematics. --- Mathematics. --- Computer science—Mathematics. --- Computer mathematics --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering Applications. --- Data processing.

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What is the nature of a conceptual scheme? Are there alternative conceptual schemes? If so, are some more justifiable or correct than others? The later Wittgenstein already addresses these fundamental philosophical questions under the general rubric of "grammar" and the question of its "arbitrariness"--and does so with great subtlety. This book explores Wittgenstein's views on these questions. Part I interprets his conception of grammar as a generalized (and otherwise modified) version of Kant's transcendental idealist solution to a puzzle about necessity. It also seeks to reconcile Wittgenstein's seemingly inconsistent answers to the question of whether or not grammar is arbitrary by showing that he believed grammar to be arbitrary in one sense and non-arbitrary in another. Part II focuses on an especially central and contested feature of Wittgenstein's account: a thesis of the diversity of grammars. The author discusses this thesis in connection with the nature of formal logic, the limits of language, and the conditions of semantic understanding or access. Strongly argued and cleary written, this book will appeal not only to philosophers but also to students of the human sciences, for whom Wittgenstein's work holds great relevance.

Grammar, Comparative and general. --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Language and languages --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative --- Wittgenstein, Ludwig, --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Wei-tʻe-ken-ssu-tʻan, --- Wei-tʻe-ken-ssu-tʻan, Lu-te-wei-hsi, --- Wittgenstein, L. --- Vitgenshteĭn, L., --- Wei-ken-ssu-tʻan, --- Pitʻŭgensyutʻain, --- Vitgenshteĭn, Li︠u︡dvig, --- Weitegenshitan, --- Wittgenstein, Ludovicus, --- Vitgenshtaĭn, Ludvig, --- ויטגנשטיין, לודוויג --- 维特根斯坦, --- Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann,

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Public support to families with pre-school children can be in the form of cash benefits (e.g. child allowances) or of "in-kind" support (e.g. care services such as kindergartens). The mix of these support measures varies greatly across OECD countries, from a cash / in-kind composition of 10%/90% to 80%/20%. This paper imputes the value of services into an "extended" household income and compares the resulting distributive patterns and the redistributive effect of these two strands of family policies. On average, cash and in-kind transfers each constitute 7 – 8% of the incomes of families with young children. Both instruments are redistributive. Cash transfers reduce child poverty by one third, with the estimated impacts in Austria, Ireland, Sweden, Hungary and Finland performing above average. When services are accounted for, child poverty falls by one quarter and poverty among children enrolled in childcare is more than halved. This reduction is highest in Belgium, France, Hungary, Iceland and Sweden.

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Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) is one of the most important German philosophers of the eighteenth century, who had enormous influence on later thinkers such as Hegel, Schleiermacher and Nietzsche. His wide-ranging ideas were formative in the development of linguistics, hermeneutics, anthropology and bible scholarship, and even today they retain their vitality and relevance to an extraordinary degree. This volume presents a translation of Herder's most important and characteristic philosophical writings (some of which have never before been translated) in his areas of central interest, including philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of history and political philosophy, as well as his general philosophical program. An introduction sets the writings in their historical context and examines their philosophical achievement.

Philosophy, German --- Arts and Humanities --- Philosophy

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Russia --- Intellectual life.