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Diathesis ("valency alternation") is a sentence structure that reshapes the roles of a verb. The prototypical example of such a diathesis is the well-known passive. However, there are very many other such role-remappings, like antipassives, applicatives, causatives, etc. This book presents an encyclopaedic survey of diathesis in German. The objective is to catalogue all diatheses that exist in this language. Currently almost 250 different German diatheses are described in this book, some highly productive, some only attested for a handful of verbs. The main goal of this book is to present this wealth of grammatical possibility in a unified manner, while at the same time attempting to classify and organise this diversity. A summary of the about 80 most prominent diatheses is also provided, including many newly-minted German names, because most these diatheses did not have a German name yet. It might come as a surprise that there are so many different diatheses in German, but my impression is that in this respect German is no exception among the world's languages. I expect that all languages have a similar abundance of different ways in which to construe a sentence around a lexical predicate. In a sense, a diathesis allows for the expression of a distinct perspective on the event described, something that is arguably a common desire of any language user. Except for diathesis this book also aims to completely catalogue its counterpart: epithesis. An epithesis is a derived sentence structure in which the marking of the verb roles remains constant. Basically, these are the grammaticalised constructions expressing tense-aspect-mood-evidentiality in German. The list of major epitheses is also quite long (about 40 constructions), but it is quite a bit smaller than the list of major diatheses (about 80 constructions). This indicates that from a purely grammatical perspective, diathesis ("grammatical voice") is about a two-times more elaborate topic than epithesis ("tense-aspect-mood marking") in German.

Language arts.

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Universals of language have been studied extensively for the last four decades, allowing fundamental insight into the principles and general properties of human language. Only incidentally have researchers looked at the other end of the scale. And even when they did, they mostly just noted peculiar facts as ''quirks'' or ''unusual behavior'', without making too much of an effort at explaining them beyond calling them ''exceptions'' to various rules or generalizations. Rarissima and rara, features and properties found only in one or very few languages, tell us as much about the capacities and limits of human language(s) as do universals. Explaining the existence of such rare phenomena on the one hand, and the fact of their rareness or uniqueness on the other, is a reasonable and interesting challenge to any theory of how human language works. The present volume for the first time compiles selected papers on the study of rare linguistic features from various fields of linguistics and from a wide range of languages.

Grammar, Comparative and general. --- Grammar, Comparative. --- Linguistic universals. --- Typology (Linguistics). --- Typology (Linguistics) --- Linguistic universals --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Language and languages --- Philosophical grammar --- Universals (Linguistics) --- Linguistic typology --- Grammar, Comparative --- Universals --- Typology --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Classification --- Historical Linguistics. --- Language Typology. --- Linguistic Theories. --- Typologie (linguistique) --- Universaux (linguistique)

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The volume advances our understanding of the role of scales and hierarchies across the linguistic sciences. Although scales and hierarchies are widely assumed to play a role in the modelling of linguistic phenomena, their status remains controversial, and it is these controversies that the present volume tackles head-on.

Hierarchy (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Functionalism (Linguistics) --- Case. --- Functional analysis (Linguistics) --- Functional grammar --- Functional linguistics --- Functional-structural analysis (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Functional --- Grammatical functions --- Case --- Stratification (Linguistics) --- Hierarchy (Linguistics). --- Hiérarchie (Linguistique) --- Cas (Linguistique) --- Linguistics --- Structural linguistics --- Hierarchies --- Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) --- Compositionality (Linguistics) --- Functionalism (Linguistics). --- Fonctionnalisme (Linguistique) --- Philology --- Case and Agreement Systems. --- Form and Function. --- Language Variation.

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This book brings together three perspectives on language and space that are quite well-researched within themselves, but which so far are lacking productive interconnections. Specifically, the book aims to interconnect the following research areas: Language, space, and geography Grammar, space, and cognition Language and interactional spaces The contributions in this book cover geographical language variation within and across languages, language use in stationary and mobile interactional spaces, computer-mediated communication, and spatial reasoning across languages. This range of issues showcases the thematic and methodological breadth of research on language and space. In order to identify interconnections, the respective contributions are accompanied by commentaries that highlight common threads.

Philosophy of nature --- Psycholinguistics --- Space and time in language --- Cognition --- Typology (Linguistics) --- Espace et temps dans le langage --- Linguistique cognitive --- Typologie (linguistique) --- Cognition. --- Psycholinguistics. --- Space and time in language. --- Typology (Linguistics). --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Language, Psychology of --- Language and languages --- Psychology of language --- Speech --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Linguistic typology --- Psychological aspects --- Psychology --- Typology --- Linguistics --- Thought and thinking --- Linguistic universals --- Classification --- Linguistique cognitive. --- Espace et temps dans le langage. --- Typologie linguistique. --- Geolinguistics. --- Interaction. --- Space.