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Does 2 + 2 = 4? Ask almost anyone and they will unequivocally answer yes. A basic equation such as this seems the very definition of certainty, but is it? In this captivating book, Helen Verran addresses precisely that question by looking at how science, mathematics, and logic come to life in Yoruba primary schools. Drawing on her experience as a teacher in Nigeria, Verran describes how she went from the radical conclusion that logic and math are culturally relative, to determining what Westerners find so disconcerting about Yoruba logic, to a new understanding of all generalizing logic. She reveals that in contrast to the one-to-many model found in Western number systems, Yoruba thinking operates by figuring things as wholes and their parts. Quantity is not absolute but always relational. Certainty is derived not from abstract logic, but from cultural practices and associations. A powerful story of how one woman's investigation in this everday situation led to extraordinary conclusions about the nature of numbers, generalization, and certainty, this book will be a signal contribution to philosophy, anthropology of science, and education.

Yoruba (African people) --- Philosophy, Yoruba. --- Ethnoscience --- Logic --- Ethnomathematics --- Science. --- Mathematics. --- Geografie --- Sociale en economische geografie --- Algemeen. --- Yoruba (African people) - Science. --- Yoruba (African people) - Mathematics. --- Ethnoscience - Nigeria. --- Logic - Nigeria. --- Ethnomathematics - Nigeria.

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Pensée traditionnelle et rationalité scientifique sont destinées à s'entrecroiser dans les allées de la modernité et du développement. D'abord parce qu'en Occident nous croyons qu'il existe une rationalité alors que la science est aussi une croyance - et non seulement le champ des techniques expérimentales - et qu'après tout l'irrationnel est toujours là, prêt à surgir. À ce titre il est aussi important de comprendre le fondement de la science que celui des croyances pour que cesse la suprématie de l'une sur l'autre au nom d'un universel culturel et technique qui invaliderait et appauvrirait, sans doute, cette autre "richesse", celle des nations dans leur différence.

Rationalism --- Belief and doubt --- Rationalisme --- Croyance et doute --- Science --- Reason --- Thought and thinking --- Methodology --- Africa --- Social life and customs --- -Thought and thinking --- Mind --- Thinking --- Thoughts --- Educational psychology --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Intellect --- Logic --- Perception --- Psycholinguistics --- Self --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Social life and customs. --- Scientific method --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Thought and thinking. --- Reason. --- Methodology. --- Science - Methodology --- Africa - Social life and customs --- sciences --- philosophie --- folklore --- culture religion et identité --- rationalité --- tradition --- relations culturelles

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Folklore --- Theatrical science --- #SBIB:39A10 --- #SBIB:39A5 --- 391.8 --- Masks --- Mythology --- -Mythology, Greek --- Mythology, Hindu --- Paradox --- Figures of speech --- Logic --- Contradiction --- Brahman mythology --- Vedic mythology --- Greek mythology --- Myths --- Legends --- Religion --- Religions --- Gods --- Myth --- Costume --- Carnival --- Antropologie: religie, riten, magie, hekserij --- Kunst, habitat, materiële cultuur en ontspanning --- Maskers --- Comparative studies --- Hindu mythology. --- Masks. --- Mythology, Greek. --- Paradox. --- 391.8 Maskers --- Hindu mythology --- Mythology, Greek

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Pragmatique --- Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- Méthodologie --- Guides, manuels, etc --- 801.57 --- Pragmatiek --- 801.57 Pragmatiek --- Méthodologie --- #KVHA:Pragmatiek --- Pragmatics --- #SBIB:309H511 --- #SBIB:001.GIFTCOM --- Verbale communicatie: algemene pragmatiek, stilistiek en teksttheorie, discoursanalyse --- Linguistics --- Pragmalinguistics --- General semantics --- Language and languages --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Semantics (Philosophy) --- Linguistic science --- Science of language --- Methodology --- Philosophy --- Linguistique --- PRAGMATIQUE --- LINGUISTIQUE --- GUIDES, MANUELS, ETC. --- METHODOLOGIE

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The fundamental question of the ethics of belief is "What ought one to believe?" According to the traditional view of evidentialism, the strength of one's beliefs should be proportionate to the evidence. Conventional ways of defending and challenging evidentialism rely on the idea that what one ought to believe is a matter of what it is rational, prudent, ethical, or personally fulfilling to believe. Common to all these approaches is that they look outside of belief itself to determine what one ought to believe. In this book Jonathan Adler offers a strengthened version of evidentialism, arguing that the ethics of belief should be rooted in the concept of belief--that evidentialism is belief's own ethics. A key observation is that it is not merely that one ought not, but that one cannot, believe, for example, that the number of stars is even. The "cannot" represents a conceptual barrier, not just an inability. Therefore belief in defiance of one's evidence (or evidentialism) is impossible. Adler addresses such questions as irrational beliefs, reasonableness, control over beliefs, and whether justifying beliefs requires a foundation. Although he treats the ethics of belief as a central topic in epistemology, his ideas also bear on rationality, argument and pragmatics, philosophy of religion, ethics, and social cognitive psychology.

Theory of knowledge --- filosofie (filosofische aspecten) --- godsdienst (religie, religieuze aspecten) --- philosophie (aspects philosophiques) --- religion (aspects religieux) --- Belief and doubt. --- Evidence. --- Belief and doubt --- Evidence --- Philosophy --- Philosophy & Religion --- Speculative Philosophy --- Proof --- Conviction --- Doubt --- Faith --- Logic --- Truth --- Consciousness --- Credulity --- Emotions --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Psychology --- Religion --- Will --- Agnosticism --- Rationalism --- Skepticism --- PHILOSOPHY/General --- Corpus callosum. --- Sensorimotor integration. --- Cerebral hemispheres. --- Alexia. --- Corpus Callosum --- Brain --- Cognitive Science. --- Dominance, Cerebral. --- Functional Laterality --- physiology. --- Laterality. --- Medische psychologie --- Physiology. --- Neuropsychologie. --- Alexia --- Cerebral hemispheres --- Corpus callosum --- Sensorimotor integration --- Integration, Sensorimotor --- Intersensory integration --- Perceptual-motor integration --- Sensimotor integration --- Sensory integration --- Sensory-motor integration --- Perceptual-motor processes --- Sensory integration dysfunction --- Telencephalon --- Brain hemispheres --- Split brain --- Acquired dyslexia --- Dyslexia, Acquired --- Word-blindness --- Aphasia --- Reading disability --- Dyslexia --- Diseases --- Corps calleux --- Intégration sensorimotrice --- Cerveau --- Alexie --- Hémisphères --- NEUROSCIENCE/General